HAVA TAŞIMACILIĞI VE KENTLEŞME: TÜRKİYE VE AVRUPA’NIN EN KALABALIK DÖRT ÜLKESİNDEKİ BAĞLANTILILIK BULGULARI

Abstract

Bu makalenin temel amacı, kentleşme ve ulaşım arasındaki dinamik etkileşimi gösterebilmektir. Bu çalışma, kentleşme ve hava taşımacılığı hareketliliği arasındaki bağlantılılığın ampirik bir değerlendirmesini sağlar. Ampirik kısım, 1970-2019 dönemine ait veri mevcudiyetine göre Türkiye ile Almanya, Birleşik Krallık, Fransa ve İtalya için yıllık zaman serisi verilerini kullanır. İlgili değişkenler, kentleşme olarak kentsel nüfusun payını ve havayolu taşımacılığı ile yük ve yolcu hareketliliğini içerir. Kentleşme ve ulaşım verileri Dünya Bankası istatistik veri tabanından alınmıştır. Dinamik bağlantılılık yaklaşımı, hava taşımacılığı hareketliliği ile kentleşme arasındaki bağlantının belirlenmesine farklı bir bakış açısı getirebilecek, birinden hepsine, hepsinden bire, ağ, ikili ve toplam bağlantılılık endeksleri gibi çeşitli yayılma parametreleri sağlar. Elde ettiğimiz bulgular havayolu ulaşımının yük ve yolcu bakımından kentleşme ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ulaşımın kentleşme ile olan dinamik yapısına ve yayılım sonuçlarına göre ulaşım alıcı iken kentleşme iletici konumundadır. Kentleşmeden ulaşıma doğru bir aktarım olması, özellikle ulaşım politikalarının kentsel alanlardaki etkililiği açısından önemlidir.

Keywords

• Kentleşme
• Hava taşımacılığı
• Yük ve yolcu hareketliliği bağlantılılık
• Türkiye
• Avrupa

AIR TRANSPORTATION AND URBANIZATION: CONNECTEDNESS EVIDENCE IN TURKEY AND FOUR MOST POPULATED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPE

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic interaction between urbanization and transportation. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of dynamic connectedness between urbanization and air transportation mobility. The empirical part uses annual time-series data for Turkey, Germany, France, Italy, and United Kingdom according to data availability for the period 1970-2019. The variable of interest includes the share of urban population as urbanization, and the mobility of freight and passenger with air transportation. Urbanization and transportation measures have been obtained from World Bank statistical database. Dynamic connectedness approach provides various spillover parameters such as, from one to all, from all to one, net, pairwise, and total connectedness indexes, which might bring different perspective to the determination of the linkage between air transportation mobility and urbanization. Our findings show that air transportation is related to urbanization in terms of freight and passengers. According to the dynamic nature of transportation with urbanization and the spreading results, while transportation is receiver, urbanization is in a transmitter position. The fact that there is a transfer from urbanization to transportation is especially important in terms of the effectiveness of transportation policies in urban areas.

Keywords

• Urbanization
• Air transportation
• Freight and passenger mobility connectedness
• Turkey
• Europe

References

1. Amin, A., Altinoz, B., & Dogan, E. (2020). Analyzing the determinants of carbon emissions from transportation in European countries: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22(8), 1725-1734.
2. Antonakakis, N., Chatziantoniou, I., & Gabauer, D. (2020). Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(4), 84.
3. Antrop, M. (2004). Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and urban planning, 67(1-4), 9-26.
4. Arvin, M. B., Pradhan, R. P., & Norman, N. R. (2015). Transportation intensity, urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in the G-20 countries. Utilities Policy, 35, 50-66.
5. Daniere, A. G. (1999). Sustainable Urbanization in Megacities: Role of nonmotorized transportation. Transportation research record, 1695(1), 26-32.
6. Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2012). Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers. International Journal of Forecasting, 28(1), 57-66.
7. Diebold, F. X., & Yilmaz, K. (2014). On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms. Journal of Econometrics, 182(1), 119-134.
8. Goetz, A. R. (1992). Air passenger transportation and growth in the US urban system, 1950–1987. Growth and change, 23(2), 217-238.

9. Kasraian, D., Raghav, S., & Miller, E. J. (2020). A multi-decade longitudinal analysis of transportation and land use co-evolution in the Greater Toronto-Hamilton Area. Journal of Transport Geography, 84, 102696.
10. Kojima, R. (1996). Introduction: population migration and urbanization in developing countries. The Developing Economies, 34(4), 349-369.
11. Kotavaara, O., Antikainen, H., & Rusanen, J. (2011). Urbanization and transportation in Finland, 1880–1970. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 42(1), 89-109.
12. Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of political economy, 99(3), 483-499.
13. Liu, T. Y., & Su, C. W. (2021). Is transportation improving urbanization in China? Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 101034.
14. Maparu, T. S., & Mazumder, T. N. (2017). Transport infrastructure, economic development and urbanization in India (1990–2011): Is there any causal relationship? Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 100, 319-336.
15. Motamed, M. J., Florax, R. J., & Masters, W. A. (2014). Agriculture, transportation and the timing of urbanization: Global analysis at the grid cell level. Journal of Economic Growth, 19(3), 339-368.
16. Njoh, A. J. (2003). Urbanization and development in sub-Saharan Africa. Cities, 20(3), 167-174.
17. Shahbaz, M., Chaudhary, A. R., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Does urbanization cause increasing energy demand in Pakistan? Empirical evidence from STIRPAT model. Energy, 122, 83-93.
18. Sharma, P. (2003). Urbanization and development. Population monograph of Nepal, 1, 375-412.
19. The World Bank, DataBank, World Development Indicators https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, accessed in 2021.
20. Wang, Y., Liu, Z., He, C., Xia, P., Liu, Z., & Liu, H. (2020). Quantifying urbanization levels on the Tibetan Plateau with high-resolution nighttime light data. Geography and Sustainability, 1(3), 233-244.
21. Zenou, Y. (2011). Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 174-187.