A CASE STUDY: SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION FOR THE CLIENT WHO IS DISABLED DURING THE PANDEMIC PROCESS

Abstract

Individuals who are disabled may have to struggle with more challenging conditions compared to other members of the society, together with processes such as pandemics. This study aims to determine the level of benefit from the social work intervention applied according to the “Problem Management and Excess” (PM+) interview techniques, regarding the deterioration of physical therapy compliance and depressive symptoms of M.F., who suffered a physical accident just before the pandemic process. In the study, the social work intervention applied to the male and adult client who applied to the Healthy Life Center Mental Health Unit was discussed. A total of 6 interviews were conducted, including 1 preliminary interview, which was conducted according to the “Problem Management and More” (PM+) interview techniques. A follow-up interview was conducted 1.5 months after these interviews were completed. RUSOP questionnaire was used in the interview process, WHODAS, Patient Health Questionnaire and Suicide Risk Assessment and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used before and after the interview, pretest and posttest were applied and it was understood that there was improvement in the bio-psycho-social functionality of the case.

Keywords

• Pandemic
• Problem Management Plus (PM+)
• Disability
• Social Work

YETİ YİTİMİNE UĞRAYAN MÜRACAATÇIYA YÖNELİK PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE SOSYAL HİZMET MÜDAHALESİ: BİR OLGU SUNUMU

Abstract

Yeti yitimine uğrayan bireyler, pandemi gibi süreçlerle birlikte toplumun diğer bireylerine kıyasla daha zorlu koşullarla mücadele etmek zorunda kalabilmektedirler. Bu çalışma, pandemi sürecinin hemen öncesinde fiziksel bir kaza geçirerek yeti yitimine uğrayan M.F.’nin fizik tedaviye uyumunun bozulması ve depresif belirtiler göstermesi konusunda, “Sorun Yönetimi ve Fazlası” (SY+) görüşme tekniklerine göre uygulanan sosyal hizmet müdahalesinden yarar sağlama düzeyinin belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Sağlıklı Hayat Merkezi Ruh Sağlığı Birimi’ne başvuran erkek ve yetişkin müracaatçıya yapılan sosyal hizmet müdahalesi ele alınmıştır. “Sorun Yönetimi ve Fazlası” (SY+) görüşme tekniklerine göre yapılan 1 ön görüşme dâhil olmak üzere toplam 6 görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu görüşmeler tamamlandıktan 1,5 ay sonra ise izlem görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Görüşme sürecinde RUSOP anketi kullanılmış, WHODAS, Hasta Sağlığı Anketi ve İntihar Riski Değerlendirmesi ve Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu Ölçeği ise görüşme öncesinde ve sonrasında ön test ve son test uygulanmış ve vakanın biyo-psiko-sosyal işlevselliğinde gelişme olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Keywords

• Pandemi
• Sorun Yönetimi ve Fazlası (SY+)
• Yeti Yitimi
• Sosyal Hizmet

References

1. Acarturk, C., Uygun, E., Ilkkursun, Z., Yurtbakan, T., Kurt, G., Adam-Troian, J., Senay, I., Bryant, R., Cuijpers, P., Kiselev, N., McDaid, D., Morina, N., Nisanci, Z., Park, A. L., Sijbrandij, M., Ventevogel, P., & Fuhr, D. C. (2022). Group problem management plus (PM+) to decrease psychological distress among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 22 (8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03645-w
2. Arrieta, J., Aguerrebere, M., Raviola, G., Flores, H., Elliott, P., Espinosa, A., Reyes, A., Ortiz-Panozo, E., Rodriguez-Gutierrez, E. G., Mukherjee, J., Palazuelos, D., & Franke, M. F. (2017). Validity and utility of the patient health questionnaire (phq)-2 and phq-9 for screening and diagnosis of depression in rural Chiapas, Mexico: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(9), 1076–1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22390
3. Ashworth, M., Shepherd, M., Christey, J., Matthews, V., Wright, K., Parmentier, H., Robinson, S., & Godfrey, E. (2004). A client-generated psychometric instrument: The development of 'PSYCHLOPS'. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 4 (2), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140412331383913
4. Aslan, D., & Ertem, M. (2012). Yaşlı sağlığı: Sorunlar ve çözümler. Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.
5. Bangpan, M., Felix, L., & Dickson, K. (2019). Mental health and psychosocial support programmes for adults in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review and meta-analysis in low and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health, 4 (5), e001484. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001484
6. Buonaguro, E. F., & Bertelli, M. O. (2020). COVID-19 and intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder with high and very high support needs: issues of physical and mental vulnerability. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 15 (1), 8-19. DOI 10.1108/AMHID-07-2020-0016
7. Cacioppo, M., Bouvier, S., Bailly, R., Houx, L., Lempereur, M., Mensah-Gourmel, J., Kandalaft, C., Varengue, R., Chatelin, A., Vagnoni, J., Vuillerot, C., Gautheron, V., Dinomais, M., Dheilly, E., Brochard, S., Pons, C., & ECHO Group (2021). Emerging health challenges for children with physical disabilities and their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The ECHO French survey. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 64 (3), 101429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2020.08.001
8. Courtenay, K., & Perera, B. (2020). COVID-19 and people with intellectual disability: impacts of a pandemic. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37 (3), 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.45

9. Dalise, S., Tramonti, F., Armienti, E., Niccolini, V., Caniglia-Tenaglia, M., Morganti, R., & Chisari, C. (2021). Psycho-social impact of social distancing and isolation due to the COVID-19 containment measures on patients with physical disabilities. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 57 (1), 158-165. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06535-1
10. Dawson, K. S., Bryant, R. A., Harper, M., Tay, A. K., Rahman, A., Schafer, A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2015). Problem Management Plus (PM+): A WHO transdiagnostic psychological intervention for common mental health problems. World Psychiatry, 14 (3), 354.
11. de Boer, D. R., Hoekstra, F., Huetink, K. I., Hoekstra, T., Krops, L. A., & Hettinga, F. J. (2021). Physical activity, sedentary behavior and well-being of adults with physical disabilities and/or chronic diseases during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18 (12), 6342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126342
12. Douglas, I., Champion, M., Clancy, J., Haley, D., Lopes de Souza, M., Morrison, K., Scott, A., Scott, R., Stark, M., Tippett, J., Tryjanowski, P., & Webb, T. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: local to global implications as perceived by urban ecologists. Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 2 (3), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-020-00067-y
13. Emerson, E., Stancliffe, R., Hatton, C., Llewellyn, G., King, T., Totsika, V., Aitken, Z., & Kavanagh, A. (2021). The impact of disability on employment and financial security following the outbreak of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 43 (3), 472–478. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa270.
14. Er, F., & Yıldırım, Ş. (2019). İnme sonrası hasta ve bakım verenlerin aile içi ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (3), 182-189. DOI: 10.34087/cbusbed.455454.
15. Eser B. (2021). Coronavirüs pandemisi ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk: Bir olgu sunumu. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (4), 262-268.
16. Ge, F., Wan, M., Zheng, A., & Zhang, J. (2020). How to deal with the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 for people who pay attention to anxiety and depression. Precision Clinical Medicine, 3 (3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa023
17. Gençer, Ç., Er, F., Barut, B., & Kara, Y. (2021). Koruyucu sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunda sosyal hizmet mesleğinin önemi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(3), 1125-1142. DOI: 10.33417/tsh.845895
18. Gümüş, A. B. (2006). Şizofreni hastalarının ve yakınlarının sağlık eğitimi gereksinimleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7 (1), 33-42.
19. Hamdani, S. U., Ahmed, Z., Sijbrandij, M., Nazir, H., Masood, A., Akhtar, P., Amin, H., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K., van Ommeren, M., Rahman, A., & Minhas, F. A. (2017). Problem Management Plus (PM+) in the management of common mental disorders in a specialized mental healthcare facility in Pakistan; study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 11, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0147-1
20. Héðinsson, H., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Ólason, D. Þ., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2013). A validation and replication study of the patient-generated measure PSYCHLOPS on an Icelandic clinical population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29 (2), 89.
21. Jalali, M., Shahabi, S., Bagheri Lankarani, K., Kamali, M., & Mojgani, P. (2020). COVID-19 and disabled people: Perspectives from Iran. Disability & Society, 35 (5), 844–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1754165
22. Jordans, M., Kohrt, B. A., Sangraula, M., Turner, E. L., Wang, X., Shrestha, P., Ghimire, R., Van't Hof, E., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K. S., Marahatta, K., Luitel, N. P., & van Ommeren, M. (2021). Effectiveness of group Problem Management Plus, a brief psychological intervention for adults affected by humanitarian disasters in Nepal: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Plos Medicine, 18 (6), e1003621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003621
23. Kara Y., Tiftik, S. Kır, H., Demir, H., Sarıyılmaz, M., & Serpen, A. S. (2022). LGBTQIA+ people access to social services during the pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Social Service Research, 48 (4), 522-534. DOI: 10.1080/01488376.2022.2092583
24. Kara, Y. (2019). Zihinsel yeti yitimi olan çocuğa yönelik sosyal hizmet uygulaması: Bir vaka sunumu. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30 (1), 353-373.
25. Kavoor, A. R. (2020). COVID-19 in people with mental illness: Challenges and vulnerabilities. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102051
26. Konkan, R., Şenormancı, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydın, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Noropsikiyatri Arşivi, 50 (1), 53-59. DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6308
27. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16 (9), 606-613.
28. Kuper, H., Banks, L. M., Bright, T., Davey, C., & Shakespeare, T. (2020). Disability-inclusive COVID-19 response: What it is, why it is important and what we can learn from the United Kingdom's response. Wellcome Open Research, 5, 79. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15833.1
29. Lebrasseur, A., Fortin-Bédard, N., Lettre, J., Bussières, E. L., Best, K., Boucher, N., Hotton, M., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Mercier, C., Lamontagne, M. E., & Routhier, F. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on people with physical disabilities: A rapid review. Disability and Health Journal, 14 (1), 101014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101014
30. Lunsky, Y., Jahoda, A., Navas, P., Campanella, S., & Havercamp, S. M. (2022). The mental health and well-being of adults with intellectual disability during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 19 (1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12412
31. Mayhew, M., Kerai, G., & Ainslie, D. (2021). Coronavirus and the social impacts of ‘long COVID’on people’s lives in Great Britain: 7 April to 13 June 2021. Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics, 1-21.
32. Noh, J. W., Kwon, Y. D., Park, J., Oh, I. H., & Kim, J. (2016). Relationship between Physical Disability and Depression by Gender: A Panel Regression Model. PloS one, 11(11), e0166238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166238
33. Pan, K. Y., Kok, A., Eikelenboom, M., Horsfall, M., Jörg, F., Luteijn, R. A., Rhebergen, D., Oppen, P. V., Giltay, E. J., & Penninx, B. (2021). The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders: A longitudinal study of three Dutch case-control cohorts. The lancet. Psychiatry, 8 (2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30491-0
34. Patel, V., Chowdhary, N., Rahman, A., & Verdeli, H. (2011). Improving access to psychological treatments: lessons from developing countries. Behaviour research and therapy, 49 (9), 523-528.
35. Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75 (5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
36. Rahman, A., Hamdani, S. U., Awan, N. R., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K. S., Khan, M. F., Azeemi, M. M., Akhtar, P., Nazir, H., Chiumento, A., Sijbrandij, M., Wang, D., Farooq, S., & van Ommeren, M. (2016). Effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention in adults impaired by psychological distress in a conflict-affected area of Pakistan: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 316 (24), 2609–2617. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17165
37. Rodriguez-Cuevas, F. G., Valtierra-Gutiérrez, E. S., Roblero-Castro, J. L., & Guzmán-Roblero, C. (2021). Living six hours away from mental health specialists: Enabling access to psychosocial mental health services through the implementation of problem management plus delivered by community health workers in rural Chiapas, Mexico. Intervention, 19 (1), 75. DOI: 10.4103/INTV.INTV_28_20
38. Sam, P. (2020). Redefining vulnerability in the era of COVID-19. The Lancet, 395 (10230), 1089. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30757-1
39. Sangraula, M., Turner, E. L., Luitel, N. P., van 't Hof, E., Shrestha, P., Ghimire, R., Bryant, R., Marahatta, K., van Ommeren, M., Kohrt, B. A., & Jordans, M. (2020). Feasibility of Group Problem Management Plus (PM+) to improve mental health and functioning of adults in earthquake-affected communities in Nepal. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000414
40. Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Ganz, F., Torralba, R., Oliveira, D. V., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020). Impact of social ısolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: Mental and physical effects and recommendations. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 24 (9), 938–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1469-2
41. Shakespeare, T., Ndagire, F., & Seketi, Q. E. (2021). Triple jeopardy: Disabled people and the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet (London, England), 397 (10282), 1331–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00625-5
42. Sijbrandij, M., Farooq, S., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Minhas, F., Saeed, K., Rahman, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2015). Problem Management Plus (PM+) for common mental disorders in a humanitarian setting in Pakistan: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT). BMC Psychiatry, 15, 232. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0602-y
43. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166 (10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
44. Talevi, D., Socci, V., Carai, M., Carnaghi, G., Faleri, S., Trebbi, E., di Bernardo, A., Capelli, F., & Pacitti, F. (2020). Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic. Rivista di Psichiatria, 55 (3), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1708/3382.33569
45. Üstün, T. B., Kostanjsek, N., Chatterji, S., & Rehm, J. (2010). Measuring health and disability: Manual for WHO disability assessment schedule WHODAS 2.0. World Health Organization.
46. van’t Hof, E., Sangraula, M., Luitel, N. P., Turner, E. L., Marahatta, K., Van Ommeren, M., Shrestha, P., Bryant, R., A. Kohrt B. A., & Jordans, M. J. (2020). Effectiveness of Group Problem Management Plus (Group-PM+) for adults affected by humanitarian crises in Nepal: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21 (1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04263-9
47. World Health Organization. (2020). Group Problem Management Plus (Group PM+): group psychological help for adults impaired by distress in communities exposed to adversity. Geneva.
48. World Health Organization, & World Bank. (2011). World report on disability. Geneva.
49. World Relief. (2022). Pandemic and Poverty: Covid-19 Impact on the World's Poor. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/pandemic-and-poverty-covid-19-impact-world-s-poor, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2023).
50. Wilamowska, Z. A., Thompson‐Hollands, J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Conceptual background, development, and preliminary data from the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 27 (10), 882-890.
51. Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
52. Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Lin, H., & Huang, L. (2020). Problem Management Plus in the treatment of mental disorders in patients with multiple myeloma. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 28 (10), 4721–4727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-05289-9