ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE AKADEMİK ERTELEME İLE EBEVEYN KABUL REDDİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE DUYGU DÜZENLEME GÜÇLÜĞÜNÜN ROLÜ

Abstract

Belirli bir görevin veya sorumluluğun yerine getirilmesine ilişkin davranışların geciktirilmesine karşılık gelen erteleme olgusu, bireyin psikososyal açıdan güçlükler yaşamasına yol açabilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda erteleme ile ilişkili olabilecek bireysel, sosyal ve ailesel unsurlara yönelik ilgi artmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinde akademik erteleme eğilimi ile ebeveynden algılanan kabul-ret ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, öğrenim görmekte olan 422 üniversite öğrencisinden (x̄ = 21.27, SS = 1.99) oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçekler, Akademik Erteleme Eğilimi Ölçeği, Yetişkin Ebeveyn Kabul Ret Ölçeği ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği (DDGÖ-16)’dir. Veriler bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi, Pearson korelasyon, hiyerarşik regresyon ve aracılık analizleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizleri, akademik ertelemenin duygu düzenleme güçlüğü toplam puanı, alt boyutları ve ebeveyn reddi ile pozitif yönde, ebeveyn kabulü ile negatif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi, ebeveyn reddi ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün akademik ertelemeyi anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığını ortaya koymuştur. Aracılık analizleri ise duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün, ebeveyn reddi ile akademik erteleme arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiğini göstermiştir. Bulgular, akademik erteleme davranışlarının hem aile içi ilişkiler hem de bireysel duygu düzenleme becerileri ile güçlü bir şekilde ilişkilendirilebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda önleyici müdahale çalışmalarında duygu düzenleme becerilerine odaklanılması, akademik ertelemenin erken dönem ve değişmez yapıdaki unsurlar ile bağlantılı etkilerini düzenlemek adına önemli görülmektedir.

Keywords

• Akademik Erteleme
• Ebeveyn Kabul-Ret
• Duygu Düzenleme

THE ROLE OF EMOTION REGULATION DIFFICULTY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION AND PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE REJECTION IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Abstract

The phenomenon of procrastination, which corresponds to delaying the behaviours related to the fulfilment of a certain task or responsibility, may cause the individual to experience psychosocial difficulties. Accordingly, recent studies have increased interest in individual, social and familial factors that may be related to procrastination. The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between academic procrastination tendency and perceived parental acceptance-rejection and emotion regulation difficulties in university students. The sample of the study consisted of 422 university students (M = 21.27, SD = 1.99). The scales used in the study were the Academic Procrastination Tendency Scale, the Adult Parental Acceptance Rejection Scale, and the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale. The data were tested with independent samples t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, hierarchical regression and mediation analyses. Correlation analyses showed that academic procrastination was positively correlated with emotion dysregulation difficulties total score, sub-dimensions and parental rejection, and negatively correlated with parental acceptance. In the two-step hierarchical regression analysis, only maternal rejection significantly predicted academic procrastination in the first step, while in the second step, difficulty in emotion regulation was identified as the only significant predictor of academic procrastination. Mediation analyses showed that emotion dysregulation partially mediated the relationship between maternal and paternal rejection and academic procrastination. The findings suggest that academic procrastination behaviours may be strongly associated with both family relationships and individual emotion regulation skills. In this context, it is important to focus on emotion regulation skills in preventive intervention studies in order to regulate the effects of academic procrastination related to early and immutable elements.

Keywords

• Academic Procrastination
• Parental Acceptance
• Parental Rejection
• Emotion Regulation

References

1. Abdi Zarrin, S., & Gracia, E. (2020). Prediction of academic procrastination by fear of failure and self-regulation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20 (3), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.3.003
2. Aitken, M. E. (1982). A personality profile of the college student procrastinator. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Pittsburgh.
3. Ajayi, O. S. (2020). Academic self-efficacy, gender and academic procrastination. Epiphany. Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies, 13 (1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.21533/epiphany.v13i1.324
4. Akinsola, M. K., Tella, A., & Tella, A. (2007). Correlates of academic procrastination and mathematics achievement of university undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3 (4), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75415
5. Amoke, C. V., Ede, M. O., Umeano, C. E., Okeke, C. I., Onah, S. O., Ezeah, M. A., & Nwaogaidu, J. C. (2021). Interaction effect of gender on academic procrastination and achievement orientation among in-school adolescents. International Journal of Higher Education, 10 (6), 202-212. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n6p202
6. Balkıs, M. (2006). Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğilimlerinin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
7. Balkıs, M. (2011). Academic efficacy as a mediator and moderator variable in the relationship between academic procrastination and academic achievement. Eğitim Araştırmaları-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 45, 1-16.
8. Balkıs, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: the mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13 (1), 57-74.

9. Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academic procrastination behavior among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE)/Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 5 (1), 18-32.
10. Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2017). Gender differences in the relationship between academic procrastination, satifaction with academic life and academic performance. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15 (1), 105-125.
11. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
12. Batool, S. S. (2020). Academic achievement: Interplay of positive parenting, self‐esteem, and academic procrastination. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72 (2), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12280
13. Bean, R. A., Bush, K. R., McKenry, P. C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). The impact of parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control on the academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18 (5), 523-541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403255070
14. Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2014). The Adaptive Coping with Emotions Model (ACE Model). Affect regulation training içinde (ss. 19-27). New York: Springer.
15. Berking, M., Ebert, D., Cuijpers, P., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Emotion regulation skills training enhances the efficacy of inpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82 (4), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348448
16. Berking, M., Wirtz, C. M., Svaldi, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.003
17. Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., ... & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
18. Boonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J., Ritzen, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement. Educational Research Review, 24, 10-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001
19. Chen, W. L., & Chung, S. H. (2025). Academic procrastination and emotion regulation: Parallel trajectories and reciprocal influences over an academic semester. Personality and Individual Differences, 237, 113050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113050
20. Chen, W. W., Yang, X., & Jiao, Z. (2022). Authoritarian parenting, perfectionism, and academic procrastination. Educational Psychology, 42 (9), 1145-1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2021.2024513
21. Cutrona, C. E., Cole, V., Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., & Russell, D. W. (1994). Perceived parental social support and academic achievement: an attachment theory perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66 (2), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.369
22. Çıkrıkçı, Ö., & Erzen, E. (2016). Gender differences on academic procrastination: Meta-analysis. Hacettepe University Journal of Education. 31 (4), 750-761. http://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2016015387
23. Dedeler, M., Akün, E., & Batıgün, A. D. (2017). Yetişkin Ebeveyn Kabul-Red Ölçeği-Kısa Form’un uyarlama çalışması. Düşünen Adam, 30 (3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300302
24. Dewitte, S., & Lens, W. (2000). Procrastinators lack a broad action perspective. European Journal of Personality, 14 (2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(200003/04)14:2%3C121::aid-per368%3E3.3.co;2-r
25. Duru, E., Balkis, M., & Duru, S. (2024). Fear of failure and academic satisfaction: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties and procrastination. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 39 (3), 2901-2914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-024-00868-9
26. Eckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2016). Overcome procrastination: Enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001
27. Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Cumberland, A., Shepard, S. A., ... & Thompson, M. (2004). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children's resiliency and adjustment. Child Development, 75 (1), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00652.x
28. Erdem, G., Adli-Isleyen, M., Baltalarlı, N., & Kılıç, E. (2022). Low-income Turkish mothers’ conceptions and experiences of family life. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 756278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756278
29. Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Procrastination and project creation: Choosing easy, nondiagnostic items to avoid self-relevant information. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6 (3), 619–628.
30. Ferrari, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Examining behavioral processes in indecision: Decisional procrastination and decision-making style. Journal of Research in Personality, 34 (1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2247
31. Ferrari, J. R., & Olivette, M. J. (1994). Parental authority and the development of female dysfunctional procrastination. Journal of research in Personality, 28 (1), 87-100.
32. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Assessment of academic and everyday procrastination. C. R. Synder (Ed.), Procrastination and task avoidance içinde (ss. 47–70). Springer.
33. Ferrari, J. R., Keane, S. M., Wolfe, R. N., & Beck, B. L. (1998). The antecedents and consequences of academic excuse-making: Examining individual differences in procrastination. Research in Higher Education, 39 (2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018768715586
34. Frost, R. O., Lahart, C. M., & Rosenblate, R. (1991). The development of perfectionism: A study of daughters and their parents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175730
35. Goroshit, M. (2018). Academic procrastination and academic performance: An initial basis for intervention. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46 (2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198157
36. Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
37. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2 (3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
38. Gröpel, P., & Steel, P. (2008). A mega-trial investigation of goal setting, interest enhancement, and energy on procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 45 (5), 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.015
39. Harriott, J. S., Ferrari, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (1996). Distractibility, daydreaming, and self-critical cognitions as determinants of indecision. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11 (2), 337-344.
40. Harriott, J., & Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychological Reports, 78 (2), 611-616. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.611
41. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
42. Hill, M. B., Hill, D. A., Chabot, A. E., & Barrall, J. F. (1978). A survey of college faculty and student procrastination. College Student Journal, 12 (3), 256–262.
43. Johnson, J. L., & Bloom, A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality to variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18 (1), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00109-6
44. Kachgal, M. M., Hansen, L. S., & Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention: Strategies and recommendations. Journal of Developmental Education, 25 (1), 14-24.
45. Kamber, E., Fuke, T. S., Alunni, M., & Mahy, C. E. (2024). Procrastination in early childhood: Associations with self-regulation, negative affectivity, and the home environment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 66, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.09.002
46. Kassim, F., Samiun, N. S., Ahmad, N., Zamri, N. A. A. Z. A., & Kamarulzaman, W. (2022). Gender difference in procrastination among university students. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 4 (3), 11-22.
47. Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
48. Kumru, A., & Thompson, R. A. (2003). Ego identity status and self-monitoring behavior in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18 (5), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403255066
49. Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20 (4), 474-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3
50. Lee, S. M., Daniels, M. H., & Kissinger, D. B. (2006). Parental influences on adolescent adjustment: Parenting styles versus parenting practices. The Family Journal, 14 (3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480706287654
51. Lu, D., He, Y., & Tan, Y. (2022). Gender, socioeconomic status, cultural differences, education, family size and procrastination: A sociodemographic meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 719425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719425
52. Ma, C., & Song, J. (2023). Parental emotional neglect and academic procrastination: The mediating role of future self-continuity and ego depletion. PeerJ, 11, e16274. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16274
53. Manzeske, D. P., & Stright, A. D. (2009). Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9068-9
54. Markiewicz, K., & Stencel, M. (2023). Procrastination and parenting styles in retrospective evaluation of adolescents. The New Educational Review, 73, 215-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/tner.23.73.3.16
55. Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., & Rosenbaum, M. (1988). The procrastination of everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality, 22 (2), 197-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(88)90015-3
56. Milgram, N. N., Mey-Tal, G., & Levison, Y. (1998). Procrastination, generalized or specific, in college students and their parents. Personality and Individual Differences, 25 (2), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00044-0
57. Milgram, N., & Toubiana, Y. (1999). Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69 (3), 345-361.
58. Mohammadi Bytamar, J., Saed, O., & Khakpoor, S. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties and academic procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 524588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524588
59. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16 (2), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
60. Nieto-Fernández, S., Faure-Carvallo, A., Calderon, C., & Gustems, J. (2024). Procrastination among university students: A study investigating sociodemographic and psychological factors. International Journal of Instruction, 17 (2), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17221a
61. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Jiao, Q. G. (2000). I’ll go to the library later: The relationship between academic procrastination and library anxiety. College & Research Libraries, 61 (1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.61.1.45
62. Özer, B. U. (2011). A cross sectional study on procrastination: Who procrastinate more? International Conference on Education Research and Innovation, 18, 34–37.
63. Özer, B. U., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149 (2), 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.241-257
64. Pala, A., Akyıldız, M., & Bağcı, C. (2011). Academic procrastination behaviour of pre-service teachers’ of Celal Bayar University. Procedia-social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1418-1425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.381
65. Pathak, P., & Kumari, T. (2024). Academic procrastination as a predictor of emotional regulation among university students. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 8 (1), 289-302.
66. Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Marriage & Family Review, 53 (7), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247761
67. Pychyl, T. A., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Procrastination, emotion regulation, and well-being. F. M. Sirois & T. A. Pychyl (Ed.), Procrastination, health, and well-being içinde (ss. 163-188). Academic Press.
68. Pychyl, T. A., Coplan, R. J., & Reid, P. A. (2002). Parenting and procrastination: gender differences in the relations between procrastination, parenting style and self-worth in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 33 (2), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00151-9
69. Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-reported executive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33 (3), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.518597
70. Rad, H. F., Bordbar, S., Bahmaei, J., Vejdani, M., & Yusefi, A. R. (2025). Predicting academic procrastination of students based on academic self-efficacy and emotional regulation difficulties. Scientific Reports, 15 (1), 3003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87664-7
71. Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M., & Clark, D. (2012). Perfectionism, procrastination, and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59 (2), 288-302. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0026643
72. Rohner, R. P. (1975). They love me, they love me not: A worldwide study of the effects of parental acceptance and rejection. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press.
73. Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Sage Publications, Inc.
74. Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental "acceptance-rejection syndrome": Universal correlates of perceived rejection. American Psychologist, 59 (8), 830. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.830
75. Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33 (4), 387-394. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387
76. Schouwenburg, H. C. (1992). Procrastinators and fear of failure: An exploration of reasons for procrastination. European Journal of Personality, 6 (3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060305
77. Schouwenburg, H. C. (2004). Procrastination in academic settings: General introduction. H. C. Schouwenburg, C. H. Lay, T. A. Pychyl & J. R. Ferrari (Ed.), Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings içinde (ss. 3–17). American Psychological Association.
78. Schuenemann, L., Scherenberg, V., von Salisch, M., & Eckert, M. (2022). “I’ll worry about it tomorrow”–Fostering emotion regulation skills to overcome procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 780675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780675
79. Sen, H., Yavuz-Müren, H. M., & Yağmurlu, B. (2014). Parenting: The Turkish context. H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures içinde (ss. 179–192). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_13
80. Senécal, C., Lavoie, K., & Koestner, R. (1997). Trait and situational factors in procrastination: An interactional model. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12 (4), 889–903.
81. Simpson, W. K., & Pychyl, T. A. (2009). In search of the arousal procrastinator: Investigating the relation between procrastination, arousal-based personality traits and beliefs about procrastination motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 47 (8), 906-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.013
82. Sinta, T., Sugiyo, S., & Sunawan, S. (2022). The predictor of emotional regulation on academic procrastination. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 11 (3), 183-188.
83. Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short‐term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7 (2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
84. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31 (4), 503-509. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
85. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133 (1), 65-94. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
86. Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?. Personality and Individual Differences, 48 (8), 926-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.025
87. Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, Education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators' characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27 (1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1851
88. Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51 (1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
89. Stöber, J., & Joormann, J. (2001). Worry, procrastination, and perfectionism: Differentiating amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25 (1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026474715384
90. Şirin, E. F. (2011). Academic procrastination among undergraduates attending school of physical education and sports: Role of general procrastination, academic motivation and academic self-efficacy. Educational Research and Reviews, 6 (5), 447-455.
91. Tibbett, T. P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2015). The portrait of the procrastinator: Risk factors and results of an indecisive personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.014
92. Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., & Zhang, L. (2004). The role of emotion in self-regulation: Differing role of positive and negative emotions. P. Philippot & R. S. Feldman (Ed.) The regulation of emotion içinde (s. 213–226). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
93. Utami, A. Y. (2022). The role of parental involvement in student academic outcomes. Journal of Education Review Provision, 2 (1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.55885/jerp.v2i1.156
94. van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018). Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Educational Research Review, 25, 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002
95. Vilca, L.W. (2022). The moderating role of sex in the relationship between executive functions and academic procrastination in undergraduate students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 928425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928425
96. Werner, K., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Ed.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment içinde (ss. 13–37). The Guilford Press.
97. Wirtz, C., Hofmann, S. G., Rieper, H., & Berking, M. (2013). Emotion regulation predicts anxiety over a fıve-year interval: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22198
98. Wolters, C. A., Won, S., & Hussain, M. (2017). Examining the relations of time management and procrastination within a model of self-regulated learning. Metacognition and Learning, 12, 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-017-9174-1
99. Woo, V. M. W., & Yeo, K. J. (2019). Parenting styles and procrastination behaviors. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8, 1007-1013. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1112.0986S319
100. Yiğit, İ., & Guzey-Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38, 1503-1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7
101. Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in The Community, 46 (2), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154
102. Zhao, W., Wang, X., Li, J., Li, Q., & Chen, C. (2022). “Time is My Own Treasure”: Parental autonomy support and academic procrastination among Chinese adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2773-2782. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S373033
103. Zhou, M. (2020). Gender differences in procrastination: The role of personality traits. Current Psychology, 39 (4), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9851-5