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ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE
Abstract
In today's global economy, trade wars have become a significant factor in the competition between countries. To gain insight into the policies that influence a nation's economic prosperity, it is crucial to examine the historical underpinnings of trade wars and the protectionist policies that have shaped them. Although theoretical studies have been conducted in this direction, content analysis of trade agreements in the mercantilist period, is limited. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the origins of economic policy differences in the foreign trade agreements of the United Kingdom, which became rich as a result of industrialization and mercantilist policies, with three different states (France, Austria and the Ottoman Empire). Data were obtained by analyzing foreign trade agreements from the British archives. In this context, a comparative analysis was made by standardizing the customs duties applied to the United Kingdom's trade of 22 products with three different states in terms of the current currency. In addition, to compare tariffs, an Average Protectionism Index (API) was developed based on the tariffs of 22 products. The analysis revealed that Britain applied mercantilist policies to three different states with different degrees of mercantilist policies, and that the Ottoman Empire, which applied the capitulation policy, suffered more economic damage than the other two states.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval is not required for this study.
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Macroeconomics (Other), International Relations (Other), Finance Studies (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
December 29, 2025
Submission Date
April 9, 2025
Acceptance Date
September 3, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 27 Number: 4
APA
Özgül, H. B., & Güripek, M. C. (2025). ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(4), 1544-1563. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1672852
AMA
1.Özgül HB, Güripek MC. ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. DEU Journal of GSSS. 2025;27(4):1544-1563. doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1672852
Chicago
Özgül, Hüseyin Burak, and Mustafa Can Güripek. 2025. “ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 27 (4): 1544-63. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1672852.
EndNote
Özgül HB, Güripek MC (December 1, 2025) ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 27 4 1544–1563.
IEEE
[1]H. B. Özgül and M. C. Güripek, “ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE”, DEU Journal of GSSS, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1544–1563, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.16953/deusosbil.1672852.
ISNAD
Özgül, Hüseyin Burak - Güripek, Mustafa Can. “ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 27/4 (December 1, 2025): 1544-1563. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1672852.
JAMA
1.Özgül HB, Güripek MC. ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. DEU Journal of GSSS. 2025;27:1544–1563.
MLA
Özgül, Hüseyin Burak, and Mustafa Can Güripek. “ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 4, Dec. 2025, pp. 1544-63, doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1672852.
Vancouver
1.Hüseyin Burak Özgül, Mustafa Can Güripek. ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. DEU Journal of GSSS. 2025 Dec. 1;27(4):1544-63. doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1672852