DİJİTAL BECERİLERİN CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ İNDEKSİNE ETKİSİ: AB ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Abstract

Kullanıcı sayısı arttıkça internet ve onun sunduğu imkânlar günlük yaşamda daha fazla yer kaplar hale gelmiştir. Bu kalabalık dünyada yer alabilmek için çoğu zaman yalnızca bir internet bağlantısı yeterli gibi gözükse de, onunla beraber bazı dijital becerilere sahip olmak da önem taşımaktadır. Ancak dijital becerilerin eşitsiz dağılımı internetin sunduğu imkânlardan kadın ve erkeklerin olması gerektiği biçimde yararlanmalarının önüne geçmektedir. Başka bir deyişle dijital becerilerdeki adaletsiz dağılım, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini körüklemektedir. Buradan hareketle mevcut araştırma dijital becerilerin artmasının toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. SmartPLS 3 programıyla gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonuçları, yüksek dijital becerilerin, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği indeksini iyileştirdiğini (0,793, t:12,490) göstermiştir. Buna göre, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği indeksinde meydana gelen değişmenin %62,8’i, yüksek dijital beceriler değişkeni tarafından açıklanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Dijital beceriler
• toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği
• dijital bölünme
• SmartPLS
• internet kullanımı

EFFECTS OF DIGITAL SKILLS ON GENDER EQUALITY INDEX: A STUDY ON EU COUNTRIES

Abstract

As the number of users increases, the internet, and its possibilities have become more common in daily life. Although it often seems like only one internet connection is enough to take part in this crowded world, it is also important to have some digital skills as well. However, the unequal distribution of digital skills prevents women and men from taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the internet as they should. In other words, inequality in digital skills strengthens gender inequality. The study explores whether gender equality improves when digital skills increase. As a result of the study, it was concluded that high digital skills improve the gender equality index (0.793, t: 12.490). Accordingly, 62.8% of the change in the gender equality index is explained by the high digital skills variable.

Keywords

• Digital skills
• gender equality
• digital divide
• internet usage
• SmartPLS

References

1. Abu-Shanab, E., ve Al-Jamal, N. (2015). Exploring the gender digital divide in Jordan. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1), 91-113.
2. Ahmad, N. A., Ayub, A. F. M., ve Khambari, M. N. (2019). Gender digital divide: Digital skills among Malaysian secondary school. Development, 8(4), 668-687.
3. Bagozzi, R. P., ve Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
4. Başol, O. ve Yalçın, E. C. (2020). How does the digital economy and society index (DESI) affect labor market indicators in EU countries?, Human System Management, 39(1) 1-10.
5. Borokhovski, E., Tamim, R. M., Pickup, D., Rabah, J., ve Obukhova, Y. (2019, June). Gender-based “digital divide”: The latest update from meta-analytical research. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (ss. 1537-1543). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
6. Büchi, M., Just, N., ve Latzer, M. (2016). Modeling the second-level digital divide: A five-country study of social differences in Internet use. New media & society, 18(11), 2703-2722.
7. Center for talent innovation. (2014). Athena Factor 2.0: Accelerating Female Talent in Science, Engineering & Technology, https://www.talentinnovation.org/_private/assets/Athena-2-ExecSummFINAL-CTI.pdf
8. Cheong, P. H. (2007). Gender and perceived internet efficacy: Examining secondary digital divide issues in Singapore. Women's Studies in Communication, 30(2), 205-228.

9. Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320-334.
10. Davaki, K. (2018). The underlying causes of the digital gender gap and possible solutions for enhanced digital inclusion of women and girls. FEMM: Women's Rights and Gender Equality.
11. Doğan, D. (2019). SmartPLS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Zet Yayınları.
12. Dülgeroğlu, İ. ve Başol, O. (2017). İş stresi ve çalışma yaşamı kalitesinin yansımaları: Satış temsilcileri üzerine bir araştima. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2): 293-304.
13. Enoch, Y., ve Soker, Z. (2006). Age, gender, ethnicity and the digital divide: university students’ use of web‐based instruction. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 21(2), 99-110.
14. European Institute for Gender Equalities (2020) https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2019
15. EUROSTAT (2020). https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=isoc_sk_dskl_i&lang=en
16. Fortune (2015). Report: Disturbing drop in women in computing field, https://fortune.com/2015/03/26/report-the-number-of-women-entering-computing-took-a-nosedive/
17. Gray, T. J., Gainous, J., ve Wagner, K. M. (2017). Gender and the digital divide in Latin America. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 326-340.
18. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., ve Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Merketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–150.
19. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C., ve Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
20. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., ve Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial last squares path modelling in International marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319.
21. ITU – International Telecominication Union. (2019a). Bridging the digital divide, https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/worldinformationsociety/2007/WISR07-chapter2.pdf
22. ITU – International Telecominication Union. (2019b). Digital inclusion of all, https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/digital-inclusion-of-all.aspx
23. Kwong, K. ve Wong, K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using Smartpls. Marketing Bulletin. 24(Technical Note 1): 1-32.
24. Liff, S., Shepherd, A., Wajcman, J., Rice, R., ve Hargittai, E. (2004). An evolving gender digital divide?. OII Internet Issue Brief, (2).
25. Maric, J. (2018). The gender-based digital divide in maker culture: features, challenges and possible solutions. Journal of Innovation Economics Management, (3), 147-168.
26. Martínez-Cantos, J. L. (2017). Digital skills gaps: A pending subject for gender digital inclusion in the European Union. European Journal of Communication, 32(5), 419-438.
27. Mohamad, M.M., Sulaiman, N.L., Sern, L.C., ve Salleh, K.M. (2015). Measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204, 164-171.
28. Mumporeze, N., ve Prieler, M. (2017). Gender digital divide in Rwanda: A qualitative analysis of socioeconomic factors. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 1285-1293.
29. Nascimento, J. C. H. B., ve Macedo, M. A. S. (2016). Structural equation models using partial least squares: An example of the application of Smartpls in accounting Research. REPeC, 10(3), 282–305.
30. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). (1995). Falling through the net: A survey of the have nots in rural and urban America., http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.
31. Quartz. (2017). Blame The Game Boy, https://qz.com/911737/silicon-valleys-gender-gap-is-the-result-of-computer-game-marketing-20-years-ago/
32. Robinson, L., Cotten, S. R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G., Chen, W., ve Stern, M. J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information, communication & society, 18(5), 569-582.
33. Sey, A., ve Hafkin, N. (2019). Taking stock: Data and evidence on gender equality in digital access, skills and leadership. United Nations University, Tokyo.
34. Singh, S. (2017). Bridging the gender digital divide in developing countries. Journal of Children and Media, 11(2), 245-247.
35. Sorgner, A., Bode, E., Krieger-Boden, C., Aneja, U., Coleman, S., Mishra, V., ve Robb, A. (2017). The effects of digitalization on gender equality in the G20 economies. Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
36. UNESCO. (2018). Digital skills critical for jobs and social inclusion, https://en.unesco.org/news/digital-skills-critical-jobs-and-social-inclusion#:~:text=Digital%20skills%20are%20defined%20as,to%20access%20and%20manage%20information.
37. UNESCO. (2019). Digital technologies: an ally for gender equality?, https://en.unesco.org/news/digital-technologies-ally-gender-equality
38. van Deursen, A. J., ve Van Dijk, J. A. (2019). The first-level digital divide shifts from inequalities in physical access to inequalities in material access. New Media & Society, 21(2), 354-375.
39. van Deursen, A., ve Andrade, L. S. (2018). First-and second-level digital divides in Cuba: Differences in Internet motivation, access, skills and usage. First Monday. 23(8). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i8.8258
40. We Are Social (2020). Digital 2020: 3.8 Billion People Use Social Media, https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/01/digital-2020-3-8-billion-people-use-social-media#:~:text=Our%20new%20Digital%202020%20reports,passed%20the%203.8%20billion%20mark.
41. West, M., Kraut, R., ve Chew, H. (2019). I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education.
42. West, C., ve Zımmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002
43. World Economic Forum (2019). This is why AI has a gender problem, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/06/this-is-why-ai-has-a-gender-problem/