Processing in the late-learned language: A eurolinguistic approach to late bilingualism

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 25 - 32, 01.05.2011

Filiz Mergen

Öz

Language acquisition is a natural process which proceeds remarkably easily for children. The late-learned language, however, especially when it is learned formally in the classroom poses serious problems for many individuals who fail to learn grammatical structures and use and comprehend them in communicative settings. Whereas production and comprehension of some grammatical structures can be mastered easily, others are hard to learn and rarely do they reach native-like levels. This paper looks into the processing difficulties of the late-learned language from a neurolinguistic perspective and evaluates comprehension studies in the literature which investigated grammatical processing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Anadilden sonra öğrenilen dilde dilbilgisel işlemleme: Geç ikidilliliğin beyindilbilimi açısından değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Anadil edinimi erken çocukluk döneminde kolayca gelişen doğal bir süreçtir. Ancak bireylerin anadilinden sonra, özellikle de formal ortamda öğrendiği dilde önemli zorluklar yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Dil öğrenen bireylerin bazı dilbilgisi yapılarını kolaylıkla öğrenebildiği ve doğru olarak kullanabildikleri gözlenirken, bazı yapıların öğrenilmesi uzun zaman almakta ve genellikle de anadili konuşucularının düzeyine erişememektedir. Bunlar arasında öne çıkan dilbilgisi yapılarının öğrenilmesi, iletişim ortamında algılanması ve kullanılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada bireylerin anadilden sonra öğrendikleri dilin dilbilgisel yapılarını işlemlemede yaşadığı zorlukların nedenleri beyindilbilimsel bir çerçevede ele alınacak ve dilbilgisel yapıları algılama becerilerini inceleyen çalışmaların değerlendirilmesi yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geç İkidillilik, Dilbilgisel İşlemleme, Beyindilbilimi

Kaynakça

• Ardila, A. (2003). Language representation and working memory with bilinguals. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36 (3): 233-240.
• Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: an overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36 (3): 189-208.
• Clahsen, H. ve Felser, C. (2006a). How native-like is non-native language processing? Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 10 (12): 564-570.
• Clahsen, H. ve Felser, C. (2006b). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27 (1): 3-42.
• Ellis, N. C. ve Sinclair, S. G. (1996). Working memory in the acquisition of vocabulary and syntax: putting language in good order. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A (1): 234-250.
• Fabbro, F. (2000). Introduction to language and cerebellum. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 13 (2-3): 83-94.
• Fabbro, F. (2001). The bilingual brain: cerebral representation of languages. Brain and Language, 79 (2): 211-222.
• Felser, C. ve Clahsen, H. (2009). Grammatical processing of spoken language in child and adult language learners. Journal of Psycholinguistic Resources, 38 (3): 305-319.
• Felser, C., Sato, M. ve Bertenshaw, N. (2009). The on-line application of binding principle a in English as a second language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12 (4): 485-502.
• Guo, J., Guo, T., Yan, Y., Jiang, N. ve Peng, D. (2009). ERP evidence for different strategies employed by native speakers and l2 learners in sentence processing. Journal Of Neurolinguistics, 22 (3): 123-134.
• Hahne, A. (2001). What’s different in second-language processing? evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30 (3): 251-266.
• Hahne, A. ve Friederici, A. D. (2001). Processing a second language: late learners’ comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event-related potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4 (2): 123-141.
• Hakuta, K., Bialystok, E. ve Wiley, E. (2003). Critical evidence: a test of the critical period hypothesis for second language acquisition. Psychological Science. 14 (1): 31-38.
• Hasegawa, M., Carpenter, P. A. ve Just, M. A. (2002). An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. NeuroImage, 15 (3): 647-660.
• Jiang, N. (2004). Morphological insensitivity in second language processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25 (4): 603-634.
• Jiang, N. (2007). Selective integration of linguistic knowledge in adult second language learning. Language Learning, 57 (1): 1-33.
• Kim, K. H., Relkin, N. R., Lee, M. ve Hirsch, J. (1997). Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388 (6638): 171-174.
• Köpke, B. (2004). Neurolinguistic aspects of attrition. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 17 (1): 3-30.
• Kuhl, P. (2004). Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5 (11): 831-843.
• McDonald, J. (2000). Grammaticality judgments in a second language: influences of age of acquisition and native language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21 (3): 395-423.
• McDonald, J. (2006). Beyond the critical period: processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 55 (3): 381–401.
• McLaughlin, J., Tanner, D., Pitkanen, I, Freck-Mestre, C., Inoue, K., Valentine, G. ve Osterhout, L. (2010). Brain potentials reveal discrete stages of L2 grammatical learning. Language Learning, 60 (2): 123-150.
• Mergen, F. (2010). İkidilli bireylerin anadilinde ve ikinci dilde dilbilgisel ve anlambilimsel işlemlemelerinin nörodilbilimsel açıdan incelenmesi. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Neubauer, K. ve Clahsen, H. (2009). Decomposition of inflected words in a second language: an experimental study of German participles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31 (3): 403-435.
• Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Hollanda: John Benjamins Publishing Company Sakai, K. L. (2005). Language acquisition and brain development. Science, 310 (5749): 815-819.
• Saur, D., Baumgaertner,A., Moehring, A., Büchel, C., Bonnesen, M., Rose, M., Musso, M. ve Meisel, J. M. (2009). Word order processing in the bilingual brain. Neuropsychologica, 47 (1): 158-168.
• Sebastian-Galles, N. (2006). Native-language sensitiveness: evolution in the first year of life. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10 (6): 239-241.
• Ullman, M. T., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J. H., Koroshetz, W. J. ve Pinker, S. (1997). A neural dissociation within language: evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9 (2): 266-276.
• Ullman, M. T. (2001a). A neurocognitive perspective on language: the declarative / procedural model. Neuroscience, 2 (10): 717-727.
• Ullman, M. T. (2001b). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: the declarative / procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4 (1): 105-122.
• Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative / procedural model. Cognition, 92 (1-2): 231-270.
• Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A. Ve Perani, D. (2003). Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 37 (1): 159-170.
• Weber-Fox, C. M. ve Neville, H. J. (1996). Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal Of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8 (3): 231-256.
• Weber, K. ve Lavric, A. (2008). Syntactic anomaly elicits a lexicosemantic (N400) ERP effect in the second language but not the first. Psychophysiology, 45 (6): 920-925.
• Xue, G., Dong, Q., Jin, Z. ve Chen, C.(2004). Mapping of verbal working memory in nonfluent chinese-english bilinguals with fMRI. NeuroImage, 22 (1): 1