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Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience
Abstract
Objective: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity caused by defects in purine metabolism and typically presents as severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID). The disease commonly manifests in early infancy with severe and recurrent infections. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, immunological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADA deficiency.
Methods: This retrospective study included patients with confirmed ADA deficiency who were followed in the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic between 2020 and 2026. Demographic characteristics, clinical findings, laboratory data, immunological parameters, metabolite analyses, genetic test results, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes were reviewed.
Results: A total of six patients, including five males and one female, were included in the study. All patients were diagnosed within the first year of life, with a median age at diagnosis of 3.5 months (range, 1–7). Consanguinity was present in 83.3% of the patients. The most common presenting manifestation was recurrent pneumonia, observed in 66.7% of the patients. Oral candidiasis and chronic diarrhea were also frequently observed. Severe infectious complications occurred in 50% of the patients. Marked lymphopenia was present in all patients, with a median absolute lymphocyte count of 430/mm³ (range, 30–1570). Flow cytometric immunophenotyping demonstrated profound reductions in T-, B-, and NK-cell populations consistent with severe combined immunodeficiency. Biochemical analyses revealed markedly elevated dAXP levels in all patients, while adenosine levels were elevated in the majority of patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed in four patients, and five patients were alive at the last follow-up.
Conclusion: ADA deficiency is a life-threatening inborn error of immunity that should be considered in infants presenting with severe recurrent infections and profound lymphopenia. Early recognition of warning signs, including consanguinity and sibling death history, is essential for prompt diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention to improve outcomes.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dicle University Faculty of Medicine (Approval No. 2026/156).
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Health Care Administration, Medical Education, Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
June 5, 2026
Submission Date
April 5, 2026
Acceptance Date
May 29, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 53 Number: 2
APA
Gül, Y., & Kan, A. (2026). Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal, 53(2), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631
AMA
1.Gül Y, Kan A. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal. 2026;53(2):443-450. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631
Chicago
Gül, Yahya, and Ahmet Kan. 2026. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal 53 (2): 443-50. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
EndNote
Gül Y, Kan A (June 1, 2026) Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal 53 2 443–450.
IEEE
[1]Y. Gül and A. Kan, “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”, Dicle Medical Journal, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 443–450, June 2026, doi: 10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
ISNAD
Gül, Yahya - Kan, Ahmet. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal 53/2 (June 1, 2026): 443-450. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
JAMA
1.Gül Y, Kan A. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal. 2026;53:443–450.
MLA
Gül, Yahya, and Ahmet Kan. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal, vol. 53, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 443-50, doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
Vancouver
1.Yahya Gül, Ahmet Kan. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal. 2026 Jun. 1;53(2):443-50. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631