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TR
Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience
Öz
Objective: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity caused by defects in purine metabolism and typically presents as severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID). The disease commonly manifests in early infancy with severe and recurrent infections. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, immunological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADA deficiency.
Methods: This retrospective study included patients with confirmed ADA deficiency who were followed in the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic between 2020 and 2026. Demographic characteristics, clinical findings, laboratory data, immunological parameters, metabolite analyses, genetic test results, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes were reviewed.
Results: A total of six patients, including five males and one female, were included in the study. All patients were diagnosed within the first year of life, with a median age at diagnosis of 3.5 months (range, 1–7). Consanguinity was present in 83.3% of the patients. The most common presenting manifestation was recurrent pneumonia, observed in 66.7% of the patients. Oral candidiasis and chronic diarrhea were also frequently observed. Severe infectious complications occurred in 50% of the patients. Marked lymphopenia was present in all patients, with a median absolute lymphocyte count of 430/mm³ (range, 30–1570). Flow cytometric immunophenotyping demonstrated profound reductions in T-, B-, and NK-cell populations consistent with severe combined immunodeficiency. Biochemical analyses revealed markedly elevated dAXP levels in all patients, while adenosine levels were elevated in the majority of patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed in four patients, and five patients were alive at the last follow-up.
Conclusion: ADA deficiency is a life-threatening inborn error of immunity that should be considered in infants presenting with severe recurrent infections and profound lymphopenia. Early recognition of warning signs, including consanguinity and sibling death history, is essential for prompt diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention to improve outcomes.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dicle University Faculty of Medicine (Approval No. 2026/156).
Kaynakça
- 1.Sevgi Bilgic-Eltan B, Bozkurt S, Sefer AP, et al.Evaluation of patients with severe combinedimmunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminasedeficiency: a single-center experience. Cocuk Derg.2024;24:219-25.
- 2.Grunebaum E, Kohn DB, Hershfield MS, et al.Updated management guidelines for adenosinedeaminase deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract.2023;11:1665-75.
- 3.Hershfield MS, Tarrant TK. Adenosine deaminasedeficiency. In: Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, etal, editors. GeneReviews®. Seattle (WA): Universityof Washington; 2024.
- 4.Kuo CY, Cowen EW, Freeman AF, et al. Adenosinedeaminase (ADA)-deficient severe combinedimmune deficiency (SCID) in the USImmunodeficiency Network (USIDNet) registry. JClin Immunol. 2020;40:1124-31.
- 5. Dąbrowska-Leonik N, Zawadzka K, Kałwak K, et al.National experience with adenosine deaminase deficiency related SCID in Polish children. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1058623.
- 6.Tyorla P, Urdinez L, Olegastro M, et al. A clinicalneurological approach to the child with adenosinedeaminase deficiency. Pediatr Neurol. 2024;158:49-56.
- 7.Gaspar HB, Aiuti A, Porta F,. How I treat adenosinedeaminase deficiency. Blood. 2009;114:3524-32.
- 8.Santisteban I, Arredondo-Vega FX, Bali P, et al.Evolving spectrum of adenosine deaminase (ADA)deficiency: assessing genotype pathogenicityaccording to expressed ADA activity of 46 variants. JAllergy Clin Immunol. 2025;155:166-75.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi, Tıp Eğitimi, Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
5 Haziran 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
5 Nisan 2026
Kabul Tarihi
29 Mayıs 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 53 Sayı: 2
APA
Gül, Y., & Kan, A. (2026). Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal, 53(2), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631
AMA
1.Gül Y, Kan A. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. diclemedj. 2026;53(2):443-450. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631
Chicago
Gül, Yahya, ve Ahmet Kan. 2026. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal 53 (2): 443-50. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
EndNote
Gül Y, Kan A (01 Haziran 2026) Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. Dicle Medical Journal 53 2 443–450.
IEEE
[1]Y. Gül ve A. Kan, “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”, diclemedj, c. 53, sy 2, ss. 443–450, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
ISNAD
Gül, Yahya - Kan, Ahmet. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal 53/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 443-450. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
JAMA
1.Gül Y, Kan A. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. diclemedj. 2026;53:443–450.
MLA
Gül, Yahya, ve Ahmet Kan. “Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience”. Dicle Medical Journal, c. 53, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 443-50, doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631.
Vancouver
1.Yahya Gül, Ahmet Kan. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency in Early Infancy: A Single-Center Experience. diclemedj. 01 Haziran 2026;53(2):443-50. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1964631