Research Article

The Emergence of the Divan Institution During the Era of Caliph Umar and Its Role in the Institutionalization of Baytulmal

Volume: 8 Number: 2 December 31, 2025
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The Emergence of the Divan Institution During the Era of Caliph Umar and Its Role in the Institutionalization of Baytulmal

Abstract

The period of Caliph ʿUmar (Hz. Ömer) is regarded as a pivotal turning point in the institutionalization of the administrative, fiscal, and economic structures of the Islamic state. The land and tax reforms implemented during this era not only redefined the status of the conquered territories but also secured the fiscal sustainability of the state. In fertile regions such as Iraq, Syria, and Egypt, policies that abolished excessive taxation and property monopolies inherited from previous civilizations improved public welfare and expanded production capacity. Unlike his predecessors, ʿUmar reduced tax rates that had placed heavy burdens on the population, thereby encouraging the producer class and broadening the state’s revenue base. As a result, tax revenues increased significantly — not due to exploitative practices, but as a direct consequence of enhanced agricultural productivity on rehabilitated lands. One of ʿUmar’s most transformative policies was his refusal to distribute newly conquered lands among soldiers, instead designating them as public property. This measure prevented the rise of the landed aristocracy and ensured that the means of production remained accessible to the broader society. Additionally, regulations promoting the revival of unused and barren lands guaranteed the continuity of production. Lands left uncultivated for three years were reclaimed and allocated to new cultivators, a policy that boosted agricultural productivity and reinforced social justice. ʿUmar’s reforms had far-reaching effects beyond the economic sphere, significantly shaping the social structure as well. The establishment of a tax system based on justice and merit reduced income inequality and improved the efficient use of public resources. Furthermore, the creation of the dīwān (administrative register) and the systematic recording of the military population strengthened the administrative capacity of the central government and consolidated state authority. Ultimately, the land and tax reforms of ʿUmar’s era provided the foundation not only for economic growth but also for political stability and social order. These reforms profoundly influenced the evolution of Islamic fiscal policy and public administration in subsequent centuries, leaving a lasting institutional legacy. This study examines the land and tax reforms of ʿUmar’s period from historical, economic, and political perspectives. It also highlights the crucial role of the dīwān system in the formation of the bayt al-māl (state treasury) and its efficacy as a mechanism for maintaining fiscal discipline in the early Islamic state. The scope of the research encompasses the restructuring of landownership in conquered territories, the establishment of a tax system grounded in justice and sustainability, and the social implications of these processes. The significance of this study lies in demonstrating how these reforms shaped not only fiscal outcomes but also transformed social structures and political authority. Its main objective is to reveal the background, implementation, and long-term consequences of these reforms from a comprehensive perspective. A historical-analytical method has been employed, combining classical sources with modern scholarship to provide an in-depth analysis.

Keywords

Islamic History , Baytulmal , Divan Institution , Public Revenues , Caliph Umar

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ISNAD
Öner, Abdulkerim. “Hz. Ömer Döneminde Divan Teşkilâtının Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Beytülmâlin Kurumsallaşmasındaki Rolü”. Din ve Bilim - Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 8/2 (December 1, 2025): 243-258. https://doi.org/10.47145/dinbil.1798409.