Conceptual Tajdid in the Context of Reconstructing Fiqhi Thought
Abstract
The concept of renewal (Tajdīd) is not an activity aimed at completely abolishing an object, a system, or a specific ruling, only to replace it with an entirely new format. Accordingly, when speaking of the renewal of Islamic rulings, it does not imply a radical purging of existing juristic rulings or the accumulated body of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), nor does it entail the creation of a brand-new legal system. Conversely, Tajdīd is an endeavor to restore rulings or interpretations that have gradually begun to lose their original meaning throughout the historical process, bringing them back to their authentic source (Sunnah) and reactivating their functionality. This restorative characteristic fundamentally distinguishes Tajdīd from the concept of abrogation (Ilgā’), which denotes the complete and final removal of a ruling. Studies related to Tajdīd are often framed broadly, focusing on topics such as the eradication of innovations (Bid‘ah) or the general renewal of uṣūl al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence) and religious understanding. However, this research specifically narrows the focus to Conceptual Renewal (Kavramsal Tecdīd), signifying the re-evaluation of specific terms (lafz) with a fresh perspective. Although the term "Conceptual Renewal" may not be explicitly found in classical uṣūl al-fiqh literature, its use in a methodological framework to express the process of repositioning concepts in terms of their meaning has been deemed appropriate for this study. It is well known that many fundamental concepts in the Qur’an and Sunnah functioned as authentic sources for rulings during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and were correctly understood by the people of that era. Nevertheless, over successive periods, certain concepts were exposed to various cultural, political, and social factors, leading to semantic narrowing, slippage, and even significant distortion. While such semantic deviations may have a lesser impact in other scientific fields, their occurrence in religious concepts can lead to innovations (Bid‘ah) and superstitions (Hurāfāt). Hence, identifying the corruption of these concepts and restoring them to their original meaning is considered an essential necessity for contemporary Islamic thought, justifying the value of this research. Our research is structured into three main sections: The first section clarifies the concept of Tajdīd and its related terms. The second section broadly explains the religious necessity of Tajdīd, its preconditions (shurūṭ), and its different types. The third section, which constitutes the core and most original part of the study, presents a concrete attempt at conceptual renewal using the examples of Sharī‘ah, Jihād, and Ḥajj. For this purpose, the study first attempts to uncover the original etymology (lughawī ma‘nā) of the concepts. Subsequently, it examines the meanings these concepts acquired within different disciplines and throughout the historical process. The historical semantic analysis method is applied to demonstrate the extent of deviation between these acquired meanings and the original linguistic meanings. Following this comprehensive analysis of the concept's historical journey, the presence of corruption/deviation (taḥrīf/ṣapma) in meaning is identified. Finally, the decision for renewal (Tajdīd) for each examined concept is determined based on the developed original methodology. Sharī‘ah and Jihād are selected as two striking examples believed to have suffered significant semantic corruption in the public sphere, while Ḥajj is presented as a counterexample—an important religious concept that has remained largely immune to corruption or semantic drift
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References
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