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Kekemelikte Akran Akran Zorbalığı Yönetimi: Dil ve Konuşma Terapistleri için Genel Bir Bakış

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 79 - 98, 29.04.2022

Abstract

Amaç: Akran zorbalığı bir ya da birden çok çocuk tarafından daha güçsüz olan çocuğa yönelik amaçlı ve devamlı biçimde gösterilen saldırganlık davranışı olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; akran zorbalığının tanımı, yaygınlığı, nedenleri, olası sonuçları, kekemelik ve akran zorbalığı ilişkisi ile kekemelik terapilerinde uygulanabilecek akran zorbalığına yönelik müdahale stratejileri ile ilgili bilgiler sentezlenmiştir. Böylelikle bu derleme çalışmasının, dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin kekemeliği olan çocuklara yönelik uygulamalarını zenginleştirecek ve kekemeliği olan çocukların maruz kalabildiği akran zorbalığı durumuna dikkat çekecek nitelikte olması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, kekemelikte akran zorbalığı yönetimine ilişkin alan yazın taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Akran zorbalığının, fiziksel, sözlü, ilişkisel veya siber zorbalık gibi farklı türlerde olabileceği görülmüştür. Ayrıca akran zorbalığının nedenlerine yönelik çeşitli görüşlere rastlanmıştır. Kekemeliği olan çocukların akran zorbalığı açısından risk altında olduklarına yönelik kanıtlara ulaşılmıştır. Dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin kekemeliği olan çocuklar için uygulayabilecekleri akran zorbalığına yönelik müdahale stratejileri saptanmıştır. Bu müdahale stratejilerinin temel olarak kekemelik ve akran zorbalığı hakkında çocuğu ve çevresini bilgilendirme, atılganlık eğitimi, kekemeliğe yönelik olumsuz otomatik düşünceleri olumlu düşünceler ile yer değiştirme ve akran eğitimi gibi başlıkları kapsadığı görülmüştür. Müdahale stratejilerinin bir kısmı klinik içinde (kekemelikte akran zorbalığı eğitimi, atılganlık eğitimi, bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma vb.), bir kısmı ise klinik dışında (akran, ebeveyn ve okul temelli eğitimler) uygulanabilmektedir. Sonuç: Kapsamlı bir kekemelik terapisi, kekemeliğe bütüncül bakış açısı sunan müdahale yaklaşımlarını gerektirmektedir. Kekemelik terapileri sadece konuşma akıcılığına değil, aynı zamanda kekemeliğin çocuğun yaşamı üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkilerini en aza indirmeye de odaklanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, akran zorbalığı müdahalesi, kapsamlı kekemelik terapisinin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin kekemelik ve akran zorbalığına yönelik bilgilendirici içeriklere terapileri içerisinde yer vermelerinin, kekemeliği olan çocuklar için önleyici hizmet kapsamında ele alınabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu tarz içeriklerin, kekemeliği olan çocuğu karşılaşabileceği olası olumsuzluklara karşı hazırlayacağı öngörülmektedir.

References

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  • 4. Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2004). Bullying in adolescents who stutter: Communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 31, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_69
  • 5. Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2007). Preliminary study of selfreported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: Relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104, 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.4.1060-1066
  • 6. Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., Tramontana, G. M., Sylvia, A. J., Boyle, M. P., ve Motzko, G. R. (2011). Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: Relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Perceptual and motor skills, 113(2), 353-364. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.10.15.17.PMS.113.5.353-364
  • 7. Card, N. A., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2008). Peer victimization among schoolchildren: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012769
  • 8. Carter, B. B., & Spencer, V. G. (2006). The fear factor: Bullying and students with disabilities. International journal of special education, 21(1), 11-23. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.501.1121&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • 9. Çelenk, T. E. A., & Yıldızlar, O. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı ve mağduriyetinin incelenmesi. Sağlık ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.33308/2687248X.201912150
  • 10. Davis, S., Howell, P., ve Cooke, F. (2002). Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non-stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (7), 939–947. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00093
  • 11. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R.W., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A. (2005) Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychol Sci, 16(04):328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
  • 12. Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 27, 31-42. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TmpZNE1qVTE/akran-zorbaliginin-yeni-yuzu-siber-zorbalik
  • 13. Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32 (3), 365–384. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17264672.pdf
  • 14. Evans, B. (2011). Bullying: Can it begin in preschool? Extensions, 25, 1–8. https://caeyc.org/main/caeyc/proposals-2014/pdfs/Evans,%20Betsy_Thurs-1.pdf
  • 15. Gökkaya, F., & Sütçü, S. T. (2020). Akran zorbalığının ortaokul öğrencileri arasındaki yaygınlığının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018042225
  • 16. Gürhan, N. (2017). Her yönü ile akran zorbalığı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatr Nurs-Special Topics, 3(2), 175-81. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/tr-her-yonu-ile-akran-zorbaligi-79448.html
  • 17. Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., ve Davis, S. (2015). Comparative study of bullying victimization among students in general and special education. Exceptional Children, 81(2), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402914551741
  • 18. Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., ve Quine, S. (2008). Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. Journal of fluency disorders, 33(2), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2008.01.001
  • 19. Hughes, S. (2014). Bullying: What speech-language pathologists should know. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 45(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1044/2013_LSHSS-13-0013
  • 20. Hugh-Jones, S., & Smith, P. (1999). Self-reports of short and longterm effects of bullying on children who stammer. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69 (2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709999157626
  • 21. Kapçı, E. G. (2004). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin zorbalığa maruz kalma türünün ve sıklığının depresyon, kaygı ve benlik saygısıyla ilişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 1-13. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/509200
  • 22. Kara, İ., & Karamete, A. (2018). Kekemeliği Olan Yetişkinlerin Okul Çağındaki Akran Zorbalığı Mağduriyetlerinin Belirlenmesi: Ön Çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 50-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dkyad/issue/44793/557201
  • 23. Kepenekçi Y., & Çıngır S. (2006). Bullying among Turkish high school students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30 (2), 193– 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.005
  • 24. Langevin, M., Bortnick, K., Hammer, T., ve Wiebe, E. (1998). Teasing/bullying experienced by children who stutter: Toward development of a questionnaire. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 25 (Spring), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_25_S_8
  • 25. Murphy, W. P., & Quesal, R. W. (2002). Strategies for addressing bullying with the school-age child who stutters. In Seminars in speech and language, 23, (03), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33754
  • 26. Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007a). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: I. Reducing negative reactions through desensitization and cognitive restructuring. Journal of fluency disorders, 32(2), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.002
  • 27. Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., ve Quesal, R. W. (2007b). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: II. Reducing bullying through role-playing and self-disclosure. Journal of fluency disorders, 32(2), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.001
  • 28. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behavior among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. 285(16), 2094-2100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
  • 29. Nation, M., Vieno, A., Perkins, D. D., ve Santinello, M. (2008). Bullying in school and adolescent sense of empowerment: An analysis of relationships with parents, friends, and teachers. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.921
  • 30. Nicolai, S., Geffner, R., Stolberg, R., ve Yaruss, J. S. (2018). Retrospective experiences of cyberbullying and emotional outcomes on young adults who stutter. Journal of child & adolescent trauma, 11(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0208-x
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Managing Peer Bullying in Stuttering: An Overview for Speech and Language therapists

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 79 - 98, 29.04.2022

Abstract

Purpose: Peer bullying can be defined as a purposeful and persistent aggressive behavior by one or more children towards the weaker child. It has been shown in various studies that children with communication disorders are more frequently exposed to peer bullying. Stuttering is also a type of communication disorder that affects the fluency of speech. In the light of this information, the findings that children with stuttering are also at risk for peer bullying are not surprising. In this study; definition, prevalence, causes, possible consequences of peer bullying, the relationship between stuttering and peer bullying, and intervention strategies for peer bullying that can be applied in stuttering therapies are discussed. Thus, it is aimed that this review study will enrich the therapies of speech and language therapists for children with stuttering and draw attention to the peer bullying situation that children with stuttering can be exposed to. Method: The traditional compilation method was used in this study. In this direction, a literature review on the management of peer bullying in stuttering was conducted. Results: The results of this investigation have revealed that peer bullying can be observed as different types such as physical, verbal, relational or cyberbullying. In addition, various views on the causes of peer bullying were found. The long-term academic and psychosocial effects of peer bullying are explained and attention is drawn to the importance of intervention processes. Evidence has been found regarding that children with stuttering are at risk for peer bullying. In addition to these, various intervention strategies have been identified for peer bullying that speech and language therapists can use for children with stuttering. It has been observed that these intervention strategies mainly cover topics such as informing the child and his/her significant others about stuttering and peer bullying, assertiveness training, replacing negative automatic thoughts about stuttering with positive thoughts, and peer education. It has been determined that some of the intervention strategies can be used in the clinic (peer bullying training in stuttering, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, etc.), and some can be used outside the clinic (peer, parent and school-based training about stuttering and peer bullying). Conclusion: A comprehensive stuttering therapy requires intervention approaches that offer a holistic view to stuttering. Stuttering therapies do not just focus on speech fluency but also focus to minimize the possible negative impact of stuttering on the child's life. In addition, it is thought that speech and language therapists’ inclusion of informative content about stuttering and peer bullying in their therapy can be considered within the scope of preventive services for children with stuttering. It is expected that such content will prepare the child with stuttering against possible negativities that may be encountered.

References

  • 1. Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., ve Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing’?. Psychological medicine, 40(5), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991383
  • 2. Berger S. K. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27 (1), 90-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002
  • 3. Blood G., & Blood I. (2016). Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem and satisfaction with life. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 50 (2016), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.10.002
  • 4. Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2004). Bullying in adolescents who stutter: Communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 31, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_69
  • 5. Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2007). Preliminary study of selfreported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: Relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104, 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.4.1060-1066
  • 6. Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., Tramontana, G. M., Sylvia, A. J., Boyle, M. P., ve Motzko, G. R. (2011). Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: Relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Perceptual and motor skills, 113(2), 353-364. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.10.15.17.PMS.113.5.353-364
  • 7. Card, N. A., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2008). Peer victimization among schoolchildren: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012769
  • 8. Carter, B. B., & Spencer, V. G. (2006). The fear factor: Bullying and students with disabilities. International journal of special education, 21(1), 11-23. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.501.1121&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • 9. Çelenk, T. E. A., & Yıldızlar, O. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı ve mağduriyetinin incelenmesi. Sağlık ve Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.33308/2687248X.201912150
  • 10. Davis, S., Howell, P., ve Cooke, F. (2002). Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non-stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (7), 939–947. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00093
  • 11. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R.W., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A. (2005) Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychol Sci, 16(04):328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
  • 12. Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 27, 31-42. https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/makale/TmpZNE1qVTE/akran-zorbaliginin-yeni-yuzu-siber-zorbalik
  • 13. Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here? School Psychology Review, 32 (3), 365–384. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17264672.pdf
  • 14. Evans, B. (2011). Bullying: Can it begin in preschool? Extensions, 25, 1–8. https://caeyc.org/main/caeyc/proposals-2014/pdfs/Evans,%20Betsy_Thurs-1.pdf
  • 15. Gökkaya, F., & Sütçü, S. T. (2020). Akran zorbalığının ortaokul öğrencileri arasındaki yaygınlığının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018042225
  • 16. Gürhan, N. (2017). Her yönü ile akran zorbalığı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatr Nurs-Special Topics, 3(2), 175-81. https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/tr-her-yonu-ile-akran-zorbaligi-79448.html
  • 17. Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., ve Davis, S. (2015). Comparative study of bullying victimization among students in general and special education. Exceptional Children, 81(2), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402914551741
  • 18. Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., ve Quine, S. (2008). Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. Journal of fluency disorders, 33(2), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2008.01.001
  • 19. Hughes, S. (2014). Bullying: What speech-language pathologists should know. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 45(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1044/2013_LSHSS-13-0013
  • 20. Hugh-Jones, S., & Smith, P. (1999). Self-reports of short and longterm effects of bullying on children who stammer. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69 (2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709999157626
  • 21. Kapçı, E. G. (2004). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin zorbalığa maruz kalma türünün ve sıklığının depresyon, kaygı ve benlik saygısıyla ilişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 1-13. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/509200
  • 22. Kara, İ., & Karamete, A. (2018). Kekemeliği Olan Yetişkinlerin Okul Çağındaki Akran Zorbalığı Mağduriyetlerinin Belirlenmesi: Ön Çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 50-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dkyad/issue/44793/557201
  • 23. Kepenekçi Y., & Çıngır S. (2006). Bullying among Turkish high school students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30 (2), 193– 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.005
  • 24. Langevin, M., Bortnick, K., Hammer, T., ve Wiebe, E. (1998). Teasing/bullying experienced by children who stutter: Toward development of a questionnaire. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 25 (Spring), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_25_S_8
  • 25. Murphy, W. P., & Quesal, R. W. (2002). Strategies for addressing bullying with the school-age child who stutters. In Seminars in speech and language, 23, (03), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33754
  • 26. Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007a). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: I. Reducing negative reactions through desensitization and cognitive restructuring. Journal of fluency disorders, 32(2), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.002
  • 27. Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., ve Quesal, R. W. (2007b). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: II. Reducing bullying through role-playing and self-disclosure. Journal of fluency disorders, 32(2), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.001
  • 28. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behavior among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. 285(16), 2094-2100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
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  • 30. Nicolai, S., Geffner, R., Stolberg, R., ve Yaruss, J. S. (2018). Retrospective experiences of cyberbullying and emotional outcomes on young adults who stutter. Journal of child & adolescent trauma, 11(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0208-x
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Ahsen Erim

Early Pub Date April 29, 2022
Publication Date April 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Erim, A. (2022). Kekemelikte Akran Akran Zorbalığı Yönetimi: Dil ve Konuşma Terapistleri için Genel Bir Bakış. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 79-98.