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Disaster Management for People with Communication Disorders: Lessons Learned from the 2023 Earthquakes in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 102 - 120, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.71.5

Abstract

Purpose: In this review, based on the experiences of two devastating earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, we aim to provide recommendations for earthquake preparedness, response, and recovery phases from the perspective of speech and language therapy for individuals with communication problems.

Method: The traditional review method was used in this study.

Conclusion: The 2023 Türkiye earthquakes highlight the importance of disaster preparedness and management plans that address the unique needs of people with communication disorders. We emphasize the role of speech and language therapists (SLTs) as essential contributors to disaster management teams and advocate for their inclusion in disaster planning efforts. SLTs can provide training to the whole community, including search and rescue and first aid personnel, on how to communicate with individuals with communication disorders. It is recommended that alternative and augmentative communication systems should include symbols containing earthquake-specific words and that these systems should be kept in the disaster kit. It is recommended that the approach and intervention for traumatized individuals be included in the curriculum of speech and language therapy. It is also recommended to provide speech and language therapy services to individuals with communication disorders in temporary accommodation areas and through teletherapy. By implementing the recommendations presented herein, we can take significant strides toward building a more inclusive and compassionate disaster management framework, one that prioritizes the voices and needs of all individuals, including those with communication disorders.

Thanks

This review is dedicated to Speech and Language Therapist Hilal Sevimli, Speech and Language Therapy undergraduate students Edanur Yüksel, Hatice Sena Gök, Muhammed İkbal Cevizci and Sena Özkan, who lost their lives in the earthquakes on February 6, 2023 in Türkiye.

References

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  • Akın-Şenkal, Ö., Çiyiltepe, M. M., Yılmaz, A., & Berber-Çiftçi, H. (2023, May 19-21). Okul Çağı Kekemelik Terapisinde Teleterapi Yöntemi: Deprem Bölgesi Vaka Örneği [Teletherapy Method in School Age Stuttering Therapy: Earthquake Region Case Example] [Poster presentation]. 11th National Congress on Speech and Language Disorders, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.). Trauma-Informed Care. https://www.asha.org/practice/trauma-informed-care
  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2016). Scope of Practice in Speech Language Pathology. https://www.asha.org/policy
  • Arslan, M. H., & Korkmaz, H. H. (2007). What is to be learned from damage and failure of reinforced concrete structures during recent earthquakes in Turkey? Engineering Failure Analysis, 14(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.01.003
  • Bakırköy District Directorate of National Education. (2021, November 10). AFAD MEB İş Birliğiyle Hazırlanan Deprem Animasyonu [Earthquake Animation Prepared in Cooperation with AFAD MEB] [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tH37tzHDpY
  • Barten, D. G., Klokman, V. W., Cleef, S., Peters, N. A. L. R., Tan, E. C. T. H., & Boin, A. (2021). When disasters strike the emergency department: A case series and narrative review. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-021-00372-7
  • Barton-Hulsey, A., Boesch, M. C., Chung, Y., Caswell, T., Sonntag, A. M., & Quach, W. (2023). Emergency and Disaster Preparedness for Individuals Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Pilot Study on Supported Planning Using a Toolkit. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1–17. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_AJSLP-23-00086
  • Battle, D. E. (2015). Persons With Communication Disabilities in Natural Disasters, War, and/or Conflict. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 36(4), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740114545980
  • Birgören, G., Sekiguchi, H., & Irikura, K. (2004). Rupture model of the 1999 Düzce, Turkey, earthquake deduced from high and low frequency strong motion data. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019194
  • Boesch, M. C., Begley, E., Blackstone, S., & Caswell, T. (2022). Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disaster Preparedness: Roles, Responsibilities, and Opportunities for Speech-Language Pathologists and Other Professionals. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(5), 1483–1489. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_PERSP-21-00274
  • Bulut, M., Fedakar, R., Akkose, S., Akgoz, S., Ozguc, H., & Tokyay, R. (2005). Medical experience of a university hospital in Turkey after the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Emergency Medicine Journal, 22(7), 494–498. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2004.016295 Cboard Communication Board. (n.d.). https://www.cboard.io/
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  • Edwards, M., Stredler-Brown, A., & Houston, K. T. (2012). Expanding Use of Telepractice in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. Volta Review, 112(3).
  • Elhaty, I. A., & Elhadary, T. (2023). Online education in Turkish universities after the earthquake: the pros and cons. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(4S), 330-340. https://doi.org/10.17762/sfs.v10i4S.685
  • Emük, Y., Abasıyanık, Z., & Kahraman, T. (2023). Telerehabilitation: A Promising Solution for Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation. İzmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Health Science Journal, 8(2), 647-651.
  • Eskişehir Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. (n.d.). I Learn and Get Beyond My Limits Project 2020-2022. http://afadotizmdown.ogu.edu.tr/moodle/?lang=en
  • Estes, R. I., Berto, H., Brew, H., Cadet, S., Holmes, K. L., Horst, L. G., Mehl, A. J., Delgado, G. M., & Vertz, S. P. (2023). Speech-Language Pathologists and Disaster Management: Team Roles. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 21(3), Article 5.
  • Genc-Tosun, D., & Kurt, O. (2017). Teaching multi-step requesting to children with autism spectrum disorder using systematic instruction and a speech-generating device. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 33(4), 213-223.
  • Gönen, Ö., Çavuşoğlu, T., & Kurnaz, E. (2023). Medical rescue team’s experiences in disaster response to individuals with special needs: The case of Türkiye. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06273-7
  • Harmancı Seren, A. K., & Dikeç, G. (2023). The earthquakes in Turkey and their effects on nursing and community health. International Nursing Review, 70(3), 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12851
  • İlhan, B., Berikol, G. B., Eroğlu, O., & Deniz, T. (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquake. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 72, 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.07.026
  • Kantawala, B., Shariff, S., Barakat, M., Wellington, J., Nazir, A., & Uwishema, O. (2023). Medical care after the 2023 earthquake in Turkey. International Journal of Surgery: Global Health, 6(4), e0163. https://doi.org/10.1097/GH9.0000000000000163
  • Kayıran, D. (2023). Resimli Çocuk Kitaplarında Afet Kavramının İncelenmesi [Examining the Concept of Disasters in Illustrated Children's Books]. Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Research, 7(15), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.57135/jier.1329578
  • Kılıç, Z. B. (2023, February 6). Energy infrastructure damaged in 7.4 magnitude earthquake: Energy Minister. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/energy-infrastructure-damaged-in-74-magnitude-earthquake-energy-minister-/37455
  • Kruger, J., Hinton, C. F., Sinclair, L. B., & Silverman, B. (2018). Enhancing individual and community disaster preparedness: Individuals with disabilities and others with access and functional needs. Disability and Health Journal, 11(2), 170–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.12.005
  • Kurt, O., Tün, M., Kurnaz, E., & Çavuşoğlu, T. (2021). Are Individuals with special needs ready for earthquakes? a study on current status and need detection for Türkiye. Sakarya: Alpaslan Otizm Vakfı Yayınları.
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İletişim Bozukluğu Olan Bireyler için Afet Yönetimi: Türkiye'deki 2023 Depremlerinden Çıkarılan Dersler

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 102 - 120, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.71.5

Abstract

Amaç: Bu derlemede 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Türkiye'de meydana gelen ve 11 ili etkileyecek kadar büyük yıkıma yol açan 7,7 ve 7,6 büyüklüğündeki iki şiddetli depremden edinilen deneyimler temel alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda iletişim bozukluğu olan bireyler için dil ve konuşma terapisi perspektifinden depreme hazırlık, müdahale ve deprem sonrası iyileşme aşamaları için öneriler sunulması amaçlanmaktadır. Deprem bölgesinde yaşayan herkesin bu afetten etkilenmesi ile birlikte, özel gereksinimleri olan bireyler sorunlarının doğası gereği en fazla etkilenen grup olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada afete maruz kalan bu hassas popülasyonun doğal afetler sırasında karşılaştığı zorluklar incelenerek, kapsayıcı afet yönetimi stratejilerine duyulan kritik ihtiyaç vurgulanmaktadır. Buna ilaveten bu derlemede, Türkiye'de 2023 yılında yaşanan depremlerden çıkarılan derslere dayanarak, mevcut afet müdahale protokollerindeki boşluklar araştırılmakta ve iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerin afetlere karşı dayanıklılığını artırmak için çözümler önerilmektedir.

Yöntem: Bu çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerde afet yönetimi, afet öncesi hazırlık ve afet sonrasında iyileşme süreci de dahil olmak üzere dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin rolüne dair konularda alan yazın taraması yapılmıştır.

Sonuç: 2023 yılındaki Türkiye depremleri, afete hazırlık ve afet yönetim planlarının iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerin onlara özgü ihtiyaçlarını da ele alacak şekilde yapılmasının önemini göstermektedir. Buna dayanarak dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin afet yönetim ekiplerine önemli katkılar sağladığı vurgulanmakta ve afet planlama çalışmalarına dahil edilmeleri gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Yönetim planının olası afeti kapsayacak şekilde afet öncesi hazırlığı, mevcut afet durumunu ve sonrasında iyileşme sürecini ele alması önemli görülmektedir. Depreme hazırlık aşamasında dil ve konuşma terapistleri arama kurtarma ve ilk yardım personeli de dahil olmak üzere tüm toplum kesimlerine iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerle nasıl iletişim kurulabileceğine dair eğitim verebilir. Alternatif ve destekleyici iletişim sistemlerinde depreme özgü kelimeleri içeren sembollerin yer alması ve bu sistemlerin afet çantasında bulundurulması önerilmektedir. Böylece deprem esnasındaki müdahalelerde iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylere destek olunması konusunda da kolaylık sağlanacaktır. Depreme yanıt aşamasında dil ve konuşma terapistleri dil, konuşma ve yutma bozukluğu olan bireylere tarama, değerlendirme ve müdahale hizmeti verebilir ve ailelerine danışmanlık hizmeti sağlayabilir. Depremden iyileşme aşamasında ise iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylere geçici konaklama alanlarında yüz yüze veya teleterapi ile dil ve konuşma terapisi hizmetinin sağlanması önerilmektedir. Dil ve konuşma terapisi müfredatlarına travma yaşayan bireylere yaklaşım ve müdahale konularının eklenmesi tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu derleme kapsamında iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerin afetlerdeki ihtiyaçları ile ilgili olarak dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin afet yönetimi boyunca oldukça önemli rolleri olduğuna değinilmektedir. Sunulan önerilerin uygulanması ile iletişim bozukluğu olan bireylerin ihtiyaçlarına öncelik veren, daha kapsayıcı bir afet yönetimi çerçevesi oluşturma yolunda önemli adımlar atılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Abraham, L., Chang, A., Leatherby, L., Reinhard, S., Robles, P., Wu, A., & Shaver, J. W. (2023, May 17). What the earthquake destroyed in the heart of one Turkish city. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/02/10/world/middleeast/kahramanmaras-turkey-earthquake-damage.html
  • AHBAP Association. (n.d.). Beraber İyileşeceğiz [We Will Heal Together]. https://www.beraberiyilesecegiz.org
  • Akarca, G., & Cangi, M.E. [@dilkonusmaterapistleridernegi]. (2023, February 19). Afet Dönemlerinde Çocuk ve Gençlerle Etkileşim ve Klinik Hizmetlere Yönelik Bazı Öneriler [Interaction with Children and Young People in Disaster Periods and Some Suggestions for Clinical Services] [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/Co2PWyIN2g8
  • Akın-Şenkal, Ö., Çiyiltepe, M. M., Yılmaz, A., & Berber-Çiftçi, H. (2023, May 19-21). Okul Çağı Kekemelik Terapisinde Teleterapi Yöntemi: Deprem Bölgesi Vaka Örneği [Teletherapy Method in School Age Stuttering Therapy: Earthquake Region Case Example] [Poster presentation]. 11th National Congress on Speech and Language Disorders, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.). Trauma-Informed Care. https://www.asha.org/practice/trauma-informed-care
  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2016). Scope of Practice in Speech Language Pathology. https://www.asha.org/policy
  • Arslan, M. H., & Korkmaz, H. H. (2007). What is to be learned from damage and failure of reinforced concrete structures during recent earthquakes in Turkey? Engineering Failure Analysis, 14(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.01.003
  • Bakırköy District Directorate of National Education. (2021, November 10). AFAD MEB İş Birliğiyle Hazırlanan Deprem Animasyonu [Earthquake Animation Prepared in Cooperation with AFAD MEB] [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tH37tzHDpY
  • Barten, D. G., Klokman, V. W., Cleef, S., Peters, N. A. L. R., Tan, E. C. T. H., & Boin, A. (2021). When disasters strike the emergency department: A case series and narrative review. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-021-00372-7
  • Barton-Hulsey, A., Boesch, M. C., Chung, Y., Caswell, T., Sonntag, A. M., & Quach, W. (2023). Emergency and Disaster Preparedness for Individuals Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Pilot Study on Supported Planning Using a Toolkit. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1–17. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_AJSLP-23-00086
  • Battle, D. E. (2015). Persons With Communication Disabilities in Natural Disasters, War, and/or Conflict. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 36(4), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740114545980
  • Birgören, G., Sekiguchi, H., & Irikura, K. (2004). Rupture model of the 1999 Düzce, Turkey, earthquake deduced from high and low frequency strong motion data. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019194
  • Boesch, M. C., Begley, E., Blackstone, S., & Caswell, T. (2022). Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disaster Preparedness: Roles, Responsibilities, and Opportunities for Speech-Language Pathologists and Other Professionals. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(5), 1483–1489. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_PERSP-21-00274
  • Bulut, M., Fedakar, R., Akkose, S., Akgoz, S., Ozguc, H., & Tokyay, R. (2005). Medical experience of a university hospital in Turkey after the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Emergency Medicine Journal, 22(7), 494–498. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2004.016295 Cboard Communication Board. (n.d.). https://www.cboard.io/
  • Çimşir, E. (2019). Özel Gereksinimli Bireylerin Acil Durum ve Afet Hallerinde Rehabilitasyonu [Rehabilitation of Individuals with Special Needs in Emergency and Disaster Situations]. In O. Kurt (Ed.), Özel Gereksinimli Bireyler İçin Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi [Disaster and Emergency Management for Individuals with Special Needs] (pp. 189–207). Anadolu University, Eskisehir.
  • Edwards, M., Stredler-Brown, A., & Houston, K. T. (2012). Expanding Use of Telepractice in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. Volta Review, 112(3).
  • Elhaty, I. A., & Elhadary, T. (2023). Online education in Turkish universities after the earthquake: the pros and cons. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(4S), 330-340. https://doi.org/10.17762/sfs.v10i4S.685
  • Emük, Y., Abasıyanık, Z., & Kahraman, T. (2023). Telerehabilitation: A Promising Solution for Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation. İzmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Health Science Journal, 8(2), 647-651.
  • Eskişehir Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. (n.d.). I Learn and Get Beyond My Limits Project 2020-2022. http://afadotizmdown.ogu.edu.tr/moodle/?lang=en
  • Estes, R. I., Berto, H., Brew, H., Cadet, S., Holmes, K. L., Horst, L. G., Mehl, A. J., Delgado, G. M., & Vertz, S. P. (2023). Speech-Language Pathologists and Disaster Management: Team Roles. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 21(3), Article 5.
  • Genc-Tosun, D., & Kurt, O. (2017). Teaching multi-step requesting to children with autism spectrum disorder using systematic instruction and a speech-generating device. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 33(4), 213-223.
  • Gönen, Ö., Çavuşoğlu, T., & Kurnaz, E. (2023). Medical rescue team’s experiences in disaster response to individuals with special needs: The case of Türkiye. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06273-7
  • Harmancı Seren, A. K., & Dikeç, G. (2023). The earthquakes in Turkey and their effects on nursing and community health. International Nursing Review, 70(3), 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12851
  • İlhan, B., Berikol, G. B., Eroğlu, O., & Deniz, T. (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquake. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 72, 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.07.026
  • Kantawala, B., Shariff, S., Barakat, M., Wellington, J., Nazir, A., & Uwishema, O. (2023). Medical care after the 2023 earthquake in Turkey. International Journal of Surgery: Global Health, 6(4), e0163. https://doi.org/10.1097/GH9.0000000000000163
  • Kayıran, D. (2023). Resimli Çocuk Kitaplarında Afet Kavramının İncelenmesi [Examining the Concept of Disasters in Illustrated Children's Books]. Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Research, 7(15), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.57135/jier.1329578
  • Kılıç, Z. B. (2023, February 6). Energy infrastructure damaged in 7.4 magnitude earthquake: Energy Minister. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/energy-infrastructure-damaged-in-74-magnitude-earthquake-energy-minister-/37455
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There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Speech Pathology
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Namık Yücel Birol 0000-0001-7155-3591

Esra Yaşar Gündüz 0000-0002-0499-073X

Early Pub Date February 6, 2024
Publication Date April 29, 2024
Submission Date October 25, 2023
Acceptance Date January 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Birol, N. Y., & Yaşar Gündüz, E. (2024). Disaster Management for People with Communication Disorders: Lessons Learned from the 2023 Earthquakes in Türkiye. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.71.5