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Clinical Decision-making and Management for Children with Speech Sound Disorders in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 172 - 203, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.72.3

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to gain insight into the solution-oriented modalities utilized by Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) in clinical diagnosis and intervention for children with Speech Sound Disorder (SSD).

Method: A constructivist modality was employed within a qualitative paradigm, with phenomenology serving as the main study methodology to delve into how SLTs administer therapy to children with SSD. Interpretive phenomenology was chosen as the analytical modality to uncover the often unconscious meanings embedded in common life practices. 12 SLPs with professional experience ranging from 1 to 20 years participated in the research. The research data were collected through online access and semi-structured one-on-one interviews between the researcher and the participants. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed, and a dataset was created.To strengthen the validity of the research findings, direct quotes from the participants were included when compiling the report. To ensure the consistency of data analysis, the data was analyzed by another field expert other than the researchers.

Results: The findings indicate that SLTs employ a range of evaluations for diagnosing SSD, often complemented by observation and a case design approach. The selection of intervention strategies is influenced by factors such as the child's preferences, age, specific diagnosis, and severity of the disorder. Additionally, SLTs emphasize the significant role of parents in both the diagnosis and intervention processes.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the necessity for (a) distinguishing which condition, SSD or any accompanying disorders, is more pronounced in the child, (b) the development of a fast and easy-to-apply comprehensive differential diagnosis tool to assess daily life participation, (c) updates to existing evaluation tools, and (d) the dissemination of practices/training to promote the preference for evidence-based intervention modalities in clinical practice for SSD.

References

  • Ajjawi, R., & Higgs, J. (2008). Learning to communicate clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning in the health professions, 331-328. Elsevier Health Sciences. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, (n.d.) Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology. (Practice Portal). [10 Nisan 2023], www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Articulation-and-Phonology/.
  • Baker, E., & McLeod, S. (2011a). Evidence-based practice for children with speech sound disorders: Part 1 narrative review. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(2), 102–139. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2010/09-0075)
  • Baker, E., & McLeod, S. (2011b). Evidence-based practice for children with speech sound disorders: Part 2 application to clinical practice. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461 (2010/10-0023)
  • Baker, E., Williams, A. L., McLeod, S., & McCauley, R. (2018). Elements of phonological interventions for children with speech sound disorders: The development of a taxonomy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3), 906–935. https:// doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0127
  • Barrow, C.W, Körner, K., & Strömbergsson, S. (2021). A survey of Swedish speech-language pathologists’ practices regarding assessment of speech sound disorders. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 48(1), 23-34. DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2021.1977383
  • Bernthal, J. E., Bankson, N. W. & Flipsen P. (2017). Articulation and phonological disorders: speech sound disorders in children. Pearson.
  • Bowen C. (2015). A Practical Update. In Children's Speech Sound Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180418.part1
  • Brumbaugh, K., & Smit, A. B. (2013). Treating children ages 3–6 who have speech-sound disorder: a survey. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 44, 306–319.
  • Diepeveen S., Haaften L., Terband H., Swart B., & Maassen B. (2020). Clinical Reasoning for Speech Sound Disorders: Diagnosis and Intervention in Speech-Language Pathologists’ Daily Practice. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29: 1529–1549. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00040
  • Dodd, B. (2005). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder, 2nd edn (London: Whurr). Dodd, B. (2011). Differentiating speech delay from disorder: Does it matter. Topics in Language Disorders, 31(2), 96–111. https:// doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318217b66a
  • Dodd, B., & Bradford, A. (2000). A comparison of three therapy methods for children with different types of developmental phonological disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 35(2), 189–209. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/136828200247142
  • Dodd, B., Zhu, H., Crosbie, S., Holm, A., & Ozanne, A. (2002). Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP). London, England: Psychological Corporation.
  • Ege, P., Acarlar, F., & Turan, F. (2004). Ankara artikülasyon testi. Key Tasarım. Ankara.
  • Fey, M. (1992). Articulation and phonology: Inextricable constructs in speech pathology. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 23, 225–233.
  • Furlong, L., Serry, T., Erickson, S., & Morris, M. E. (2018). Processes and challenges in clinical decision‐making for children with speech‐sound disorders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(6), 1124-1138.
  • Gaffney T. (2021). Speech-Language Pathologists’ Practices of Parental Involvement in Paediatric Speech and Language Intervention Funded by the National Disability Insurance Scheme. (Unpublished master dissertation.) University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zeland.
  • Higgs, J., Jones, M. A., Loftus, S., & Christensen, N. (2008). Clinical reasoning in the health professions. Elsevier. Hoben, K., Varley, R., & Cox, R. (2007). Clinical reasoning skills of speech and language therapy students. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42(S1), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820601171530
  • Joffe, V., & Pring, T. (2008). Children with phonological problems: a survey of clinical practice. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43, 154–164.
  • Kamhi, A. G. (2006). Treatment Decisions for Children with Speech–Sound Disorders. Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 37(4), 271-279.
  • Keilmann, A., Braun, L., & Napiontek, U. (2004). Emotional satisfaction of parents and speech-language therapists with outcome of training intervention in children with speech and language disorders. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 56, 51–61. doi: 10.1159/000075328
  • Lopez, K., & Willis, D. (2004). Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 726–735.
  • Macrae, T. (2016). Comprehensive assessment of speech sound production in preschool children. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 1(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1044/ persp1.sig1.39
  • McLeod, S. (2004). Speech pathologists’ application of the ICF to children with speech impairment. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14417040410001669516
  • McLeod, S., & Baker, E. (2014). Speech–language pathologists’ practices regarding assessment, analysis, target selection, intervention, and service delivery for children with speech-sound disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28, 508–531.
  • Oliveira, C., Lousada, M., & Jesus, L.M. (2015). The Clinical Practice of Speech and Language Therapists with Children with Phonologically Based Speech Sound Disorders. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 31, 173–194. Pascoe, M., Maphalala, Z., Ebrahim, A., Hime, D., Mdladla, B., Mohamed, N. & Skinner, M. (2010). Children with speech difficulties: an exploratory survey of clinical practice in the Western Cape. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 57, 66–75.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Sancibrian, S. (2017). Speech sound disorders: where do I begin?. The ASHA Leader, 22(5), 30-32.
  • Serry, T. A. & Liamputton, P. (2017). The in-depth interviewing method in health. In Research Methods in Health: Foundations for Evidence-Based Practice. Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
  • Shriberg, L. D., Fourakis, M., Hall, S. D., Karlsson, H. B., Lohmeier, H. L., McSweeny, J. L., Potter, N. L., Scheer-Cohen, A. R., Strand, E. A., Tilkens, C. M., & Wilson, D. L. (2010). Exten- sions to the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS). Clinincal Linguistic & Phonetics, 24(10), 795–824. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/02699206.2010.503006
  • Shriberg, L. D., Strand, E. A., Fourakis, M., Jakielski, K. J., Hall, S. D., Karlsson, H. B., Mabie, H. L., McSweeny, J. L., Tilkens, C. M., & Wilson, D. L. (2017). A diagnostic marker to discriminate childhood apraxia of speech from speech delay: I. Development and description of the pause marker. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(4), S1096–S1117. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-15-10296
  • Sizer, P. S., Jr., Mauri, M. V., Learman, K., Jones, C., Gill, N. S., Showalter, C. R., & Brismée, J.-M. (2016). Should evidence or sound clinical reasoning dictate patient care. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 24(3), 117–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10669817.2016.1185296
  • Skahan, S. M., Watson, M., & Lof, G. L. (2007). Speech-language pathologists’ assessment practices for children with suspected speech sound disorders: Results of a national survey. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(3), 246–259. https:// doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/029)
  • Smith, J. A. and Osborn, M. (2008). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. London: SAGE. Sugden, E., Baker, E., Munro, N., Williams, A.L., &Trivette, C.M. (2017). An Australian Survey of Parent Involvement in Intervention for Childhood Speech Sound Disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19, 1–13 . Terband, H., Maassen, B., & Maas, E. (2019). A psycholinguistic framework for diagnosis and treatment planning of developmental speech disorders. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 71(5–6), 216–227.
  • Topbaş, S. (2006). Türkçe sesletim-sesbilgisi testi: Geçerlik-güvenirlik ve standardizasyon çalışması.
  • Tracy, S. J. (2012). Qualitative Research Methods Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Tyler, A. A. (2010). Subgroups, comorbidity, and treatment implications. Speech sound disorders in children: In honor of Lawrence D. Shriberg, 71-92. Plural.
  • Waring, R., & Knight, R. (2013). How should children with speech sound disorders be classified? A review and critical evaluation of current classification systems. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 48(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00195.x
  • Watts Pappas, N., McLeod, S., McAllister, L., & McKinnon, D.H. (2008). Parental Involvement in Speech Intervention: A National Survey. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22, 335–344.
  • Ylvisaker, M. (2004). Evidence-based practice and rational clinical decision making. Paper presented at the Evidence-Based Practice in Child Language Disorders Working Group, Austin, TX.

Türkiye'de Konuşma Sesi Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar İçin Klinik Karar Verme ve Yönetim

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 172 - 203, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.72.3

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, konuşma sesi bozukluğu (KSB) olan çocuklara yönelik klinik tanı ve müdahalede dil ve konuşma terapistleri tarafından kullanılan çözüm odaklı yöntemler hakkında fikir edinmektir. Bu doğrultuda, ilgili araştırma ile türkiye’de görev yapan DKT’lerin KSB ile ilgili görüşleri, KSB’ye sahip bireyleri değerlendirme süreçleri, KSB müdahalesinde uyguladıkları yöntemler, KSB’si olan çocukların terapi sürecinde ebeveyn rolleri hakkındaki görüş ve uygulamaları araştırılmıştır.

Yöntem: Niteliksel bir paradigma içinde yapılandırmacı bir yöntem kullanılmış ve dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin konuşma sesi bozukluğu olan çocuklara terapiyi nasıl uyguladıklarını araştırmak için yorumlayıcı fenomenoloji analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya 1 ila 20 yıl arasında değişen mesleki deneyime sahip 12 DKT katılmıştır. Araştırma verileri çevrimiçi erişim ve araştırmacı ile katılımcılar arasındaki yarı yapılandırılmış bire bir görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yazıya dökülmüş ve bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Bulguların yorumlanması aşamasında, herhangi bir genelleme yapılmadan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularının geçerliliğini güçlendirmek için, katılımcı ifadelerinden doğrudan alıntılar eklenmiştir. Veri analizinin tutarlılığının sağlanması için ise veriler araştırmacılar dışında başka bir alan uzmanı tarafından analiz edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Veri setinin analizi sonucunda; terapi sürecindeki zorlayıcı durumlar, kullanılan değerlendirme araçları, bu değerlendirme araçları hakkındaki görüşler ve öneriler, müdahale yaklaşımları, aile katılımını sağlamaya yönelik uygulamalar ve terapi sürekliliğini sürdürme stratejileri şeklinde 6 ana tema belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin konuşma sesi bozukluğu tanısı koymak için genellikle gözlem ve vaka tasarımı yaklaşımı ile tamamlanan bir dizi değerlendirme kullandığını göstermektedir. KSB’ye yönelik formal değerlendirme araçlarından Türkçe Sesletim ve Sesbilgisi Testi’nin ise katılımcıların bazıları tarafından zaman zaman uygulanmakta olduğu anlaşılmıştır. DKT’ler aynı zamanda bu değerlendirme aracına yönelik içeriğindeki bazı görsellerin artık çocuklar tarafından aşina olunmayan nesneleri temsil etmesi sebebiyle güncellenmesi gerektiğine yönelik ihtiyaçtan bahsetmiştir. KSB’ye yönelik müdahale stratejilerinin seçimi; çocuğun tercihleri, yaşı, spesifik tanısı ve bozukluğun ciddiyeti gibi faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Ek olarak dil ve konuşma terapistleri hem tanı hem de müdahale süreçlerinde ebeveynlerin rollerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. DKT’ler KSB terapi sürecinde yaşadıkları zorlukları dile getirirken de, aile katılımının kendileri için en zor adım olduğunu, bunun sebebinin ise çocukların terapide öğrendikleri bilgileri evde aileleriyle birlikte uygulamamaları nedeniyle unutmaları olduğunu, ikinci zorluğun ise ailenin yüksek beklentileri olduğunu belirttiler.

Sonuç: Çalışmanın bulguları, KSB'li çocuklar için DKT'lerin klinik yönetimine ilişkin içgörü sağlamaktadır. Çocuğun bireyselliği ve terapiye ebeveyn katılımı, DKT'lerin klinik kararları üzerindeki en önemli etkiler olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, çoğu DKT'nin kendi deneyimlerine dayanan bir değerlendirme ve müdahale yöntemi seçtiği görülmektedir. Ancak, bu uygulama danışanlar için en iyi seçenek olmayabilir. Türkiye'de belirli tanılar ve belirli vaka grupları için KSB'de hangi müdahalelerin (veya müdahale kombinasyonlarının) en etkili olduğunu belirlemeye yönelik acil çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmüştür. Aynı zamanda bu sorunların çözülmesinin zaman alacağı da düşünülmektedir. Kısa vadede ise, dil ve konuşma terapisi öğrencileri ile DKT'ler için eğitimin iyileştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu şekilde, DKT'lerin bir tanı aracı ve müdahale yöntemi seçmenin tüm farklı yönlerini hesaba katmak için iyi donanımlı hale gelebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bulgular, (a) KSB ve eşlik edebilecek diğer durumlardan hangisinin çocukta daha belirgin olduğunun ayrımı, (b) günlük yaşama katılımı değerlendirmek için hızlı ve uygulaması kolay kapsamlı bir ayırıcı tanı aracının geliştirilmesi, (c) mevcut değerlendirme araçlarının güncellenmesi ve (d) KSB için klinik uygulamada kanıta dayalı müdahale yöntemlerinin tercih edilmesini teşvik etmek için uygulamaların/eğitimlerin yaygınlaştırılması gerekliliğinin altını çizmektedir.

References

  • Ajjawi, R., & Higgs, J. (2008). Learning to communicate clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning in the health professions, 331-328. Elsevier Health Sciences. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, (n.d.) Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology. (Practice Portal). [10 Nisan 2023], www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Articulation-and-Phonology/.
  • Baker, E., & McLeod, S. (2011a). Evidence-based practice for children with speech sound disorders: Part 1 narrative review. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(2), 102–139. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2010/09-0075)
  • Baker, E., & McLeod, S. (2011b). Evidence-based practice for children with speech sound disorders: Part 2 application to clinical practice. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461 (2010/10-0023)
  • Baker, E., Williams, A. L., McLeod, S., & McCauley, R. (2018). Elements of phonological interventions for children with speech sound disorders: The development of a taxonomy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3), 906–935. https:// doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-17-0127
  • Barrow, C.W, Körner, K., & Strömbergsson, S. (2021). A survey of Swedish speech-language pathologists’ practices regarding assessment of speech sound disorders. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 48(1), 23-34. DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2021.1977383
  • Bernthal, J. E., Bankson, N. W. & Flipsen P. (2017). Articulation and phonological disorders: speech sound disorders in children. Pearson.
  • Bowen C. (2015). A Practical Update. In Children's Speech Sound Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180418.part1
  • Brumbaugh, K., & Smit, A. B. (2013). Treating children ages 3–6 who have speech-sound disorder: a survey. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 44, 306–319.
  • Diepeveen S., Haaften L., Terband H., Swart B., & Maassen B. (2020). Clinical Reasoning for Speech Sound Disorders: Diagnosis and Intervention in Speech-Language Pathologists’ Daily Practice. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29: 1529–1549. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00040
  • Dodd, B. (2005). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorder, 2nd edn (London: Whurr). Dodd, B. (2011). Differentiating speech delay from disorder: Does it matter. Topics in Language Disorders, 31(2), 96–111. https:// doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318217b66a
  • Dodd, B., & Bradford, A. (2000). A comparison of three therapy methods for children with different types of developmental phonological disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 35(2), 189–209. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/136828200247142
  • Dodd, B., Zhu, H., Crosbie, S., Holm, A., & Ozanne, A. (2002). Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP). London, England: Psychological Corporation.
  • Ege, P., Acarlar, F., & Turan, F. (2004). Ankara artikülasyon testi. Key Tasarım. Ankara.
  • Fey, M. (1992). Articulation and phonology: Inextricable constructs in speech pathology. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 23, 225–233.
  • Furlong, L., Serry, T., Erickson, S., & Morris, M. E. (2018). Processes and challenges in clinical decision‐making for children with speech‐sound disorders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(6), 1124-1138.
  • Gaffney T. (2021). Speech-Language Pathologists’ Practices of Parental Involvement in Paediatric Speech and Language Intervention Funded by the National Disability Insurance Scheme. (Unpublished master dissertation.) University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zeland.
  • Higgs, J., Jones, M. A., Loftus, S., & Christensen, N. (2008). Clinical reasoning in the health professions. Elsevier. Hoben, K., Varley, R., & Cox, R. (2007). Clinical reasoning skills of speech and language therapy students. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42(S1), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820601171530
  • Joffe, V., & Pring, T. (2008). Children with phonological problems: a survey of clinical practice. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43, 154–164.
  • Kamhi, A. G. (2006). Treatment Decisions for Children with Speech–Sound Disorders. Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 37(4), 271-279.
  • Keilmann, A., Braun, L., & Napiontek, U. (2004). Emotional satisfaction of parents and speech-language therapists with outcome of training intervention in children with speech and language disorders. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 56, 51–61. doi: 10.1159/000075328
  • Lopez, K., & Willis, D. (2004). Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 726–735.
  • Macrae, T. (2016). Comprehensive assessment of speech sound production in preschool children. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 1(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1044/ persp1.sig1.39
  • McLeod, S. (2004). Speech pathologists’ application of the ICF to children with speech impairment. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14417040410001669516
  • McLeod, S., & Baker, E. (2014). Speech–language pathologists’ practices regarding assessment, analysis, target selection, intervention, and service delivery for children with speech-sound disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28, 508–531.
  • Oliveira, C., Lousada, M., & Jesus, L.M. (2015). The Clinical Practice of Speech and Language Therapists with Children with Phonologically Based Speech Sound Disorders. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 31, 173–194. Pascoe, M., Maphalala, Z., Ebrahim, A., Hime, D., Mdladla, B., Mohamed, N. & Skinner, M. (2010). Children with speech difficulties: an exploratory survey of clinical practice in the Western Cape. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 57, 66–75.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Sancibrian, S. (2017). Speech sound disorders: where do I begin?. The ASHA Leader, 22(5), 30-32.
  • Serry, T. A. & Liamputton, P. (2017). The in-depth interviewing method in health. In Research Methods in Health: Foundations for Evidence-Based Practice. Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
  • Shriberg, L. D., Fourakis, M., Hall, S. D., Karlsson, H. B., Lohmeier, H. L., McSweeny, J. L., Potter, N. L., Scheer-Cohen, A. R., Strand, E. A., Tilkens, C. M., & Wilson, D. L. (2010). Exten- sions to the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS). Clinincal Linguistic & Phonetics, 24(10), 795–824. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/02699206.2010.503006
  • Shriberg, L. D., Strand, E. A., Fourakis, M., Jakielski, K. J., Hall, S. D., Karlsson, H. B., Mabie, H. L., McSweeny, J. L., Tilkens, C. M., & Wilson, D. L. (2017). A diagnostic marker to discriminate childhood apraxia of speech from speech delay: I. Development and description of the pause marker. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(4), S1096–S1117. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-15-10296
  • Sizer, P. S., Jr., Mauri, M. V., Learman, K., Jones, C., Gill, N. S., Showalter, C. R., & Brismée, J.-M. (2016). Should evidence or sound clinical reasoning dictate patient care. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 24(3), 117–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10669817.2016.1185296
  • Skahan, S. M., Watson, M., & Lof, G. L. (2007). Speech-language pathologists’ assessment practices for children with suspected speech sound disorders: Results of a national survey. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(3), 246–259. https:// doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/029)
  • Smith, J. A. and Osborn, M. (2008). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. London: SAGE. Sugden, E., Baker, E., Munro, N., Williams, A.L., &Trivette, C.M. (2017). An Australian Survey of Parent Involvement in Intervention for Childhood Speech Sound Disorders. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19, 1–13 . Terband, H., Maassen, B., & Maas, E. (2019). A psycholinguistic framework for diagnosis and treatment planning of developmental speech disorders. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 71(5–6), 216–227.
  • Topbaş, S. (2006). Türkçe sesletim-sesbilgisi testi: Geçerlik-güvenirlik ve standardizasyon çalışması.
  • Tracy, S. J. (2012). Qualitative Research Methods Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Tyler, A. A. (2010). Subgroups, comorbidity, and treatment implications. Speech sound disorders in children: In honor of Lawrence D. Shriberg, 71-92. Plural.
  • Waring, R., & Knight, R. (2013). How should children with speech sound disorders be classified? A review and critical evaluation of current classification systems. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 48(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00195.x
  • Watts Pappas, N., McLeod, S., McAllister, L., & McKinnon, D.H. (2008). Parental Involvement in Speech Intervention: A National Survey. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22, 335–344.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Speech Pathology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Can Yaşa 0000-0002-7630-1956

Selin Tokalak 0000-0002-6739-7597

Publication Date August 29, 2024
Submission Date April 29, 2024
Acceptance Date August 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yaşa, İ. C., & Tokalak, S. (2024). Clinical Decision-making and Management for Children with Speech Sound Disorders in Türkiye. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 172-203. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.72.3