TÜRKİYE’DEKİ ÖĞRETMENLERİN FİNANSAL OKURYAZARLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki öğretmenlerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeylerini değerlendirerek mevcut durumu analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, öğretmenlerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyleri tespit edilmiş ve demografik değişkenlere göre farklılıkları ortaya konulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Türkiye’de öğretmenlerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyi (%57.56) OECD ortalamasından düşük bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, finansal okuryazarlık düzeyinin cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, finansal eğitim alıp almama, gelir düzeyi, çalışılan kurum türü, çocuk sahibi olma durumu ve mesleki deneyim gibi demografik değişkenlere göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Kadın öğretmenlerin, özel sektörde çalışanların, finansal eğitim almamış olanların ve düşük gelir grubundaki öğretmenlerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyleri daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, yaş almayla birlikte finansal okuryazarlık artarken, 30 yaş ve altı öğretmenler en düşük finansal okuryazarlık düzeyine sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, eğitim durumunun (lisans ve yüksek lisans) finansal okuryazarlık düzeyine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, finansal okuryazarlığın demografik faktörlere göre değişkenlik gösterdiğini ve finansal eğitim programlarının bu düzeyi artırmaya fayda sağlayacağını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, finansal okuryazarlığı artırmaya yönelik eğitim politikaları geliştirilmelidir. Böylece, finansal okuryazarlık düzeyinin artırılması sadece bireylerin değil, toplumun da gelişmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

• Finansal Okuryazarlık
• Finansal Eğitim
• Finansal Bilgi
• Öğretmen

ASSESSING THE FINANCIAL LITERACY LEVELS OF TEACHERS IN TÜRKİYE

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the current situation by assessing the financial literacy levels of teachers in Türkiye. Within the scope of the research, teachers’ financial literacy levels were determined, and differences based on demographic variables were examined. According to the findings, the financial literacy level of teachers in Türkiye (57.56%) was found to be lower than the OECD average. The research results reveal that the level of financial literacy differs significantly according to demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, financial education status, income level, institution type, parenthood, and professional experience. Female teachers, those working in the private sector, those who have not received financial education, and teachers in the low-income group were found to have lower levels of financial literacy. Additionally, financial literacy increases with age, with teachers aged 30 and under having the lowest level of financial literacy. However, it was determined that educational status (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) did not have a statistically significant effect on financial literacy levels. These findings indicate that financial literacy varies according to demographic factors and that financial education programs can help increase this level. In conclusion, educational policies aimed at increasing financial literacy should be developed. Thus, increasing the level of financial literacy will contribute not only to the development of individuals but also to that of society.

Keywords

• Financial Literacy
• Financial Education
• Financial Knowledge
• Teacher

References

1. Agnew, S. ve Cameron‐Agnew, T. (2015). The influence of consumer socialisation in the home on gender differences in financial literacy. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(6), 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12179
2. Albeerdy, M. I. ve Gharleghi, B. (2015). Determinants of the financial literacy among college students in Malaysia. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(3), 15-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n3p15
3. Allgood, S. ve Walstad, W. B. (2016). The effects of perceived and actual financial literacy on financial behaviors. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 675-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12255
4. Almenberg, J. ve Säve-Söderbergh, J. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in Sweden. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 585-598. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747211000497
5. Amagir, A., Groot, W., van den Brink, H. M. ve Wilschut, A. (2018). A review of financial-literacy education programs for children and adolescents. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 17(1), 56-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047173417719555
6. Amagir, A., Groot, W., van den Brink, H. M. ve Wilschut, A. (2020). Financial literacy of high school students in the Netherlands: knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavior. International Review of Economics Education, 34, 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iree.2020.100185
7. Atkinson, A. ve Messy, F. A. (2011). Assessing financial literacy in 12 countries: an OECD/INFE international pilot exercise. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 657-665. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747211000539
8. Batty, M., Collins, J. M. ve Odders‐White, E. (2015). Experimental evidence on the effects of financial education on elementary school students’ knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 49(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12058

9. Bernheim, B. D., Garrett, D. M. ve Maki, D. M. (2001). Education and saving: The long-term effects of high school financial curriculum mandates. Journal of Public Economics, 80(3), 435-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00120-1
10. Cole, S. A., Sampson, T. A. ve Zia, B. H. (2009). Financial literacy, financial decisions, and the demand for financial services: Evidence from India and Indonesia. Harvard Business School Working Paper.
11. Compen, B., De Witte, K. ve Schelfhout, W. (2019). The role of teacher professional development in financial literacy education: A systematic literature review. Educational Research Review, 26, 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.12.001
12. Cordero, J. M. ve Pedraja, F. (2019). The effect of financial education training on the financial literacy of Spanish students in PISA. Applied Economics, 51(16), 1679-1693. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1528336
13. Cude, B. J. (2010). Financial literacy 501. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 271-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01168.x
14. De Moor, L. ve Verschetze, L. (2017). Student teachers’ capacity and willingness to teach financial literacy in flanders. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(2), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.28.2.313
15. Durmuşkaya, S. ve Kavas, Y. (2018). Akademik gelişim ve finansal okuryazarlık arasındaki ilişkinin tespiti üzerine bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 25(3), 925-939. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.441375
16. Edwards, R., Allen, M. W. ve Hayhoe, C. R. (2007). Financial attitudes and family communication about students’ finances: The role of sex differences. Communication Reports, 20(2), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210701643719
17. Ergün, K. (2018). Financial literacy among university students: A study in eight European countries. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12408
18. Fernandes, D., Lynch Jr, J. G. ve Netemeyer, R. G. (2014). Financial literacy, financial education, and downstream financial behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), 1861-1883. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849
19. Finke, M. S., Howe, J. S. ve Huston, S. J. (2017). Old age and the decline in financial literacy. Management Science, 63(1), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2293
20. Garg, N. ve Singh, S. (2018). Financial literacy among youth. International JournaL of Social Economics, 45(1), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2016-0303
21. Gutter, M. S., Copur, Z. ve Garrison, S. (2010). Financial capabilities of college students from states with varying financial education policies. National Endowment for Financial Education.
22. Hasler, A., Lusardi, A., Yagnik, N. ve Yakoboski, P. (2023). Resilience and wellbeing in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of financial literacy. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 42(2), 107079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2023.107079
23. Henning, M. B. ve Lucey, T. A. (2017). Elementary preservice teachers’ and teacher educators’ perceptions of financial literacy education. The Social Studies, 108(4), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2017.1343792
24. Hsu, J. W. (2016). Aging and strategic learning: The impact of spousal incentives on financial literacy. Journal of Human Resources, 51(4), 1036-1067. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.51.4.1014-6712R
25. Hsu, J. W. ve Willis, R. (2013). Dementia risk and financial decision making by older households: The impact of information. Journal of Human Capital, 7(4), 340-377. https://doi.org/10.1086/674105
26. Jariwala, H. V. (2013). To study the level of financial literacy and its impact on investment decision-an in-depth analysis of investors in Gujarat State. Ganpat University.
27. Kaiser, T., Lusardi, A., Menkhoff, L. ve Urban, C. (2022). Financial education affects financial knowledge and downstream behaviors. Journal of Financial Economics, 145(2), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.09.022
28. Karaca, H. S. (2022). Türkiye’de finansal okuryazarlık ve erişim ve dijital olgunluk. Analitik ve İçgörü Araştırma Merkezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi. Erişim adresi https://www.teb.com.tr/UPLOAD/PDF/2023/TEB-FOE-ve-Dijital-Olgunluk-Rapor-2022-Kamu-Paylasimi.pdf
29. Kılıç, Y., Ata, H. A. ve Seyrek, İ. H. (2015). Finansal okuryazarlık: Üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik bir araştırma. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (66), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.396535
30. Klapper, L. ve Lusardi, A. (2020). Financial literacy and financial resilience: Evidence from around the world. Financial Management, 49(3), 589-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/fima.12283
31. Klapper, L., Lusardi, A. ve van Oudheusden, P. (2015). Financial literacy around the world. Washington, DC: Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services Global Financial Literacy Survey.
32. Korniotis, G. M. ve Kumar, A. (2011). Do older investors make better investment decisions?. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 244-265. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00053
33. Lusardi, A. ve Messy, F. A. (2023). The importance of financial literacy and its impact on financial wellbeing. Journal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/flw.2023.8
34. Lusardi, A. ve Mitchell, O. S. (2011). Financial literacy around the world: an overview. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 10(4), 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747211000448
35. Lusardi, A. ve Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5-44. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.5
36. Lusardi, A. ve Streeter, J. L. (2023). Financial literacy and financial well-being: Evidence from the US. Journal of Financial Literacy and Wellbeing, 1(2), 169-198. https://doi.org/10.1017/flw.2023.13
37. Lusardi, A. ve Tufano, P. (2015). Debt literacy, financial experiences, and overindebtedness. Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, 14(4), 332-368. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747215000232
38. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S. ve Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 358-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01173.x
39. Meier, S. ve Sprenger, C. D. (2013). Discounting financial literacy: Time preferences and participation in financial education programs. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 95, 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.02.024
40. Németh, E., Béres, D., Huzdik, K., Deák-Zsótér, B. ve Mészáros, A. (2022). Teachers’ financial literacy. Public Finance Quarterly, 67(1), 7-32. https://doi.org/10.35551/PFQ_2022_1_1
41. OECD (2023). OECD/INFE 2023 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy, OECD Business and Finance Policy Papers, No: 39, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/56003a32-en.
42. OECD (2024). PISA 2022 Results: How Financially Smart Are Students?, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5a849c2a-en
43. Otter, D. (2010). Teaching financial literacy in K–12 schools: A survey of teacher beliefs and knowledge. The University of New Mexico.
44. Potrich, A. C. G., Vieira, K. M. ve Kirch, G. (2018). How well do women do when it comes to financial literacy? Proposition of an indicator and analysis of gender differences. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 17, 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2017.12.005
45. Rink, U., Walle, Y. M. ve Klasen, S. (2021). The financial literacy gender gap and the role of culture. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 80, 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2021.02.006
46. Santini, F. D. O., Ladeira, W. J., Mette, F. M. B. ve Ponchio, M. C. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of financial literacy: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(6), 1462-1479. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-10-2018-0281
47. Taft, M. K., Hosein, Z. Z., Mehrizi, S. M. T. ve Roshan, A. (2013). The relation between financial literacy, financial wellbeing and financial concerns. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(11), 63-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v8n11p63
48. Tennyson, S. ve Nguyen, C. (2001). State curriculum mandates and student knowledge of personal finance. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(2), 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00112.x
49. van Rooij, M. C., Lusardi, A. ve Alessie, R. J. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in the Netherlands. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(4), 593-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.004
50. Volpe, R. P., Kotel, J. E. ve Chen, H. (2002). A survey of investment literacy among online investors. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 13(1), 1-13.
51. Walstad, W. B., Rebeck, K. ve MacDonald, R. A. (2010). The effects of financial education on the financial knowledge of high school students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2), 336-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01172.x
52. Way, W. L. ve Holden, K. C. (2009). Teachers’ background and capacity to teach personal finance: results of a national study. Journal of Financial Counseling & Planning, 20(2), 64-78.
53. Yin, H. ve Yang, Q. (2022). Investor financial literacy, decision-making behavior, and stock price volatility-Evidence from behavioral experiments. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 15(2), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1037/npe0000158