Research Article

KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Volume: 27 Number: 1 March 17, 2026
EN TR

KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between knowledge-intensive employment and national innovation performance across European countries between 2015 and 2024. Utilizing harmonized Eurostat data and multivariate regression analysis, the research operationalizes innovation via European Patent Office (EPO) patent applications. Two core indicators—employment volume in knowledge-intensive activities (KIA) and its share in national labor markets—are examined. Results indicate a strong and statistically significant relationship between both employment scale and intensity and innovation output. Specifically, for every 1,000 additional knowledge-intensive employees, there is an associated increase of nearly one patent application. Furthermore, a 1% increase in the employment share of KIA workers corresponds to a rise of over 187 patent applications. These findings validate the systemic role of human capital within the National Innovation Systems (NIS) framework, where the integration of skilled labor enhances a country’s absorptive capacity and innovation efficiency. With an R² value of 0.953 and a Durbin-Watson statistic of 2.23, the regression model demonstrates robustness and reliability. From a policy standpoint, this evidence suggests that strategic labor force development—beyond R&D funding—is vital for strengthening innovation ecosystems. The study contributes to the literature by distinguishing between employment quantity and employment intensity, highlighting their independent effects on innovation outcomes. The results are particularly relevant for the EU’s Smart Specialisation Strategies, the European Green Deal, and Digital Transition initiatives.

Keywords

References

  1. Alecke, B. and Mitze, T. (2023). Institutional reforms and the employment effects of spatially targeted investment grants: The case of Germany's GRW. arXiv.
  2. Antonelli, C., Crespi, F. and Quatraro, F. (2022). Knowledge complexity and the mechanisms of knowledge generation and exploitation: The European evidence. Research Policy, 51(8), 104081.
  3. Balland, P. A. and Boschma, R. (2018). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(4), 1-17.
  4. Capello, R. and Lenzi, C. (2015). Knowledge, Innovation and Productivity Gains across European Regions. Regional Studies, 49(11), 1788-1804. doi:DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2014.917167
  5. European Commission. (2020). The European Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal
  6. European Commission. (2025, 06 27). European innovation scoreboard 2023. European innovation scoreboard 2023: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/knowledge-publications-tools-and-data/publications/all-publications/european-innovation-scoreboard-2023_en adresinden alındı
  7. Fazio, G., Maioli, S. and Rujimora, N. (2024). The twin innovation transitions of European regions. Regional Studies, 59(1), 2309176.
  8. Filippetti, A., Vezzani, A., Gkotsis, P. and Zinilli, A. (2020). Are innovative regions more resilient? Evidence from Europe in 2008–2016. Economia Politica, 37, 807-832.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

European Union Economy, International Economic Foundation, International Corporation, Business Administration, Business Systems in Context (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 17, 2026

Submission Date

June 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 14, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 27 Number: 1

APA
Okatan, K. (2026). KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 27(1), 748-761. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1729495
AMA
1.Okatan K. KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi. 2026;27(1):748-761. doi:10.31671/doujournal.1729495
Chicago
Okatan, Kağan. 2026. “KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 27 (1): 748-61. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1729495.
EndNote
Okatan K (March 1, 2026) KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 27 1 748–761.
IEEE
[1]K. Okatan, “KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 748–761, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.31671/doujournal.1729495.
ISNAD
Okatan, Kağan. “KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 27/1 (March 1, 2026): 748-761. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1729495.
JAMA
1.Okatan K. KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi. 2026;27:748–761.
MLA
Okatan, Kağan. “KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 748-61, doi:10.31671/doujournal.1729495.
Vancouver
1.Kağan Okatan. KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE EMPLOYMENT AS A DRIVER OF INNOVATION SYSTEM ENGAGEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi. 2026 Mar. 1;27(1):748-61. doi:10.31671/doujournal.1729495