An Empirical Research on the Relationship Among Work Engagement, Job Satisfaction and Employee Voice

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between work engagement, job satisfaction, and employee voice, and to explain the effects of these three concepts on the positive working environment in universities. A survey consisting of work engagement, job satisfaction, and employee voice scales were distributed to 233 academicians working at İstanbul Gelişim University, and regression and correlation analysis, independent sample t-test and variance tests were performed with the data obtained. Reliability analyses of all scales used in the study were performed and Cronbach's Alpha coefficients were calculated. The reliability coefficients of all scales were included in the high-reliability scale. Among the academicians participating in the research, the values of work engagement and job satisfaction were observed highest for professors and those whose average age was over 60, and the lowest for research assistants and under the age of 30. In addition, both job satisfaction and work engagement, and employee voice were higher for academicians with high work experience. If the academicians do their jobs with passion, be happy while doing their jobs, and take initiative to improve the positive atmosphere in their workplaces; that it will contribute to increasing the teaching performance and the number of publications in universities.

Keywords

• Work engagement
• job satisfaction
• employee voice

Çalışmaya Tutkunluk, İş Tatmini ve Çalışan Sesliliği İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı; çalışmaya tutkunluk, iş tatmini ve çalışan sesliliği değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, bu üç kavramın akademisyenlerin çalışma ortamı üzerindeki etkilerini açıklamaktır. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi’nde çalışan 233 akademisyene, çalışmaya tutkunluk, iş tatmini ve çalışan sesliliği ölçeklerinden oluşan bir anket dağıtılmış, elde edilen verilerle regresyon ve korelasyon analizleriyle bağımsız örneklem t testi ve varyans testleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan tüm ölçeklerin güvenilirlik analizleri yapılmıştır ve Cronbach’s Alpha katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Tüm ölçeklerin güvenilirlik katsayıları yüksek güvenilirlik skalasında yer almıştır. Çalışmaya tutkunluk ve iş tatmini değişkenlerine ait değerler profesörlerde ve yaş ortalaması 60 ve üzeri olan akademisyenler arasında en yüksek düzeyde, araştırma görevlileri ve 30 yaş altı akademisyenler arasında en düşük düzeyde gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, iş tecrübesi yüksek olan akademisyenler üzerinde iş tatmini, çalışmaya tutkunluk ve çalışan sesliliği değişkenlerine ait değerlerin daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Akademisyenlerin işlerini tutkuyla yapmaları, işlerini yaparken mutlu olmaları ve işyerlerindeki olumlu ortamı geliştirmek için inisiyatif almalarının; üniversitelerdeki öğretim performansını ve yayın sayısını arttırmaya katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Çalışmaya tutkunluk
• iş tatmini
• çalışan sesliliği

References

1. Abdullah, H., Ismail, I., Alnoor, A. ve Yaqoub, E. (2021). Effect of perceived support on employee's voice behaviour through the work engagement: a moderator role of locus of control. International Journal of Process Management and Benchmarking, 11(1), 60-79.
2. Alarcon, G. M. ve Edwards, J. M. (2011). The relationship of engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Stress and Health, 27(3), e294-e298.
3. Alfayad, Z. ve Arif, L. S. M. (2017). Employee voice and job satisfaction: An application of Herzberg two-factor theory. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), 150-156.
4. Algın, İ. ve Baskan, G. A. (2015). Üniversitelerde örgütsel sessizliğin olası sonuçları. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 5(2), 81-90.
5. Andiyasari, A., Matindas, R. W. ve Riantoputra, C. D. (2017). Voice behavior: The role of perceived support and psychological ownership. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 11(1), 1.
6. Andrew, O. C. ve Sofian, S. (2012). Individual factors and work outcomes of employee engagement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 498-508.
7. Arrowsmith, J. ve Parker, J. (2013). The meaning of ‘employee engagement’for the values and roles of the HRM function. The İnternational Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2692-2712.
8. Bakker, A. (2008). Building engagement in the workplace. In The peak performing organization. Routledge.

9. Bakker, A. B., Emmerik, H. V. ve Euwema, M. C. (2006). Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams. Work and Occupations, 33(4), 464-489.
10. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall: Englewood cliffs.
11. Banihani, M., Lewis, P. ve Syed, J. (2013). Is work engagement gendered?. Gender in Management, 28(7), 400-423.
12. Bilgiç, R. (1999). A different way of testing the interaction between core job dimensions and growth need strength (GNS). In Conference on TQM and Human Factors, 210-215.
13. Blader, S. ve Tyler, T.R. (2009). Testing and expanding the group engagement model, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445-464.
14. Brooks, D. M. (2014). Employee engagement and personal voice: A phenomenological approach [Yayımlanmış doktora tezi]. Walden Üniversitesi, Washington.
15. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001-214.
16. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (1998). Kovaryans analizi (Varyans analizi ile karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme). Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 31(1).
17. Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331.
18. Çetin, Ş. ve Çakmakçı, C. (2012). Çalışan sesliliği ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi, 22(2), 1-20.
19. Cheng, J. W., Chang, S. C., Kuo, J. H. ve Cheung, Y. H. (2014). Ethical leadership, work engagement, and voice behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(5), 817-831.
20. Cheng, J. W., Lu, K. M., Chang, Y. Y. ve Johnstone, S. (2013). Voice behavior and work engagement: the moderating role of supervisor‐attributed motives. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51(1), 81-102.
21. Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S. ve Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136.
22. Cooper, C. A. (2018). Encouraging civil servants to be frank and fearless: Merit recruitment and employee voice. Public Administration, 96(4), 721-735.
23. Dedahanov, A. T., Rhee, C. ve Gapurjanova, N. (2019). Job autonomy and employee voice: is work-related self-efficacy a missing link?. Management Decision, 57(9), 2401-2413.
24. Erkubilay, C. (2020). Diğerkâmlık davranışı, iş arkadaşı desteği ve lider desteğinin işgören sesliliği üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi]. Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Düzce.
25. Farndale, E., Van Ruiten, J., Kelliher, C. ve Hope‐Hailey, V. (2011). The influence of perceived employee voice on organizational commitment: An exchange perspective. Human Resource Management, 50(1), 113-129.
26. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). Cultivated emotions: Parental socialization of positive emotions and self-conscious emotions. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 279-281.
27. Garg, K., Dar, I. A. ve Mishra, M. (2018). Job satisfaction and work engagement: A study using private sector bank managers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(1), 58-71.
28. Girgin, M. S. (2019). Kişilik ve öz yeterliliğin çalışan sesliliğine etkisinde iş güvencesizliğinin düzenleyici rolü etkisi [Yayımlanmış doktora tezi]. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
29. Gobeski, K. T. ve Beehr, T. A. (2009). How retirees work: Predictors of different types of bridge employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(3), 401-425.
30. Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170
31. Han, N. C., Ko, J. W., Price, J. L. ve Mueller, C. W. (1995). Organizational commitment in South Korea. Research and Practice İn Human Resource Management, 3(1), 39-68.
32. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. ve Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268.
33. Hirshman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice and loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Ilkhanizadeh, S. ve Karatepe, O. M. (2017). An examination of the consequences of corporate social responsibility in the airline industry: Work engagement, career satisfaction, and voice behavior. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 8-17.
35. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
36. Karatepe, O. M. ve Aga, M. (2012). Work engagement as a mediator of the effects of personality traits on job outcomes: A study of frontline employees. Services Marketing Quarterly, 33(4), 343-362.
37. Kayri, M. (2009). Araştırmalarda gruplar arası farkın belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşılaştırma (post-hoc) teknikleri. Journal of Social Science, 55.
38. Kim, N. ve Kang, S. W. (2017). Older and more engaged: The mediating role of age‐linked resources on work engagement. Human Resource Management, 56(5), 731-746.
39. Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş., ve Çokluk-Bökeoğlu, Ö. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. Pegem A Yayıncılık.
40. Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. ve Fiksenbaum, L. (2006). Work engagement among women managers and professionals in a Turkish bank: Potential antecedents and consequences. Equal Opportunities International, 25(4), 299-310.
41. Kwon, B., Farndale, E. ve Park, J. G. (2016). Employee voice and work engagement: Macro, meso, and micro-level drivers of convergence?. Human Resource Management Review, 26(4), 327-337.
42. Lawler, E.E., III (1975). Pay, participation and organizational change In E. L.Cass ve F. G. Zimmer (Eds.), Man and work in society. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
43. Liang, J., Farh, C. I. ve Farh, J. L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71–92.
44. Lu, L., Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D. ve Neale, N. R. (2016). Work engagement, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: A comparison between supervisors and line-level employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
45. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
46. Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 373-412.
47. Morrison, E. W. ve Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706-725.
48. Morrison, E. W. ve Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4), 403-419.
49. Mowbray, P. K. ve Herman, H. H. M. (2014). Managing engagement and employee voice: effects on in-role perceptions and voice behaviour. In 28th ANZAM Conference, 1-17.
50. Nazari, M., Dastoorpoor, M., Ghasemzadeh, R. ve Moradi, N. (2021). Relationship between work engagement and voice complaints among elementary school teachers. Journal of Voice, 35(4), 665-e1.
51. Özdoğan, F. B. ve Tüzün, İ. K. (2007). Öğrencilerin üniversitelerine duyduklari güven üzerine bir araştirma. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 15(2), 639-650.
52. Park, J. ve Gursoy, D. (2012). Generation effects on work engagement among US hotel employees. İnternational Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1195-1202.
53. Peiró, J. M., Agut, S. ve Grau, R. (2010). The relationship between overeducation and job satisfaction among young Spanish workers: The role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 666-689.
54. Rayton, B. A. ve Yalabik, Z. Y. (2014). Work engagement, psychological contract breach and job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(17), 2382-2400.
55. Rees, C., Alfes, K. ve Gatenby, M. (2013). Employee voice and engagement: connections and consequences. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2780-2798.
56. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. ve Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635.
57. Saglam, A. C., Yorulmaz, Y. I., Anasiz, B. T., Colak, I. ve Dumlu, N. N. (2018). Prediction of Academic Staffs’ Organizational Silence through their Power Distance Perceptions. Üniversitepark Bülten, 7(2), 143.
58. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
59. Salanova, M. ve Schaufeli, W.B. (2008), A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behaviour. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131.
60. Schaufeli, W. B. ve Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
61. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Salanova, M. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale-9. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 26(1), 64-100.
62. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
63. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. ve Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well‐being?. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173-203.
64. Shrestha, I. (2018). Influence of demographic factors on job satisfaction of financial institutions workforce of Nepal. Journal of Business and Management, 5, 74-79.
65. Sinha, D. ve Shukla, K. S. (2012). Comparative study of job satisfaction of the employees of private and public sector banks. V3 Journal of Management (e-journal), 1(1), 30-96.
66. Sobaih, A. E. E. ve Hasanein, A. M. (2020). Herzberg’s theory of motivation and job satisfaction: Does it work for hotel industry in developing countries?. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(3), 319-343.
67. Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518-528.
68. Stankovska, G., Angelkoska, S., Osmani, F. ve Grncarovska, S. P. (2017). Job Motivation and Job Satisfaction among Academic Staff in Higher Education. Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, 15, 159-166.
69. Toker, B. (2011). Job satisfaction of academic staff: an empirical study on Turkey. Quality Assurance in Education, 19(2), 156-169.
70. Tülübaş, T., ve Celep, C. (2014). Öğretim elemanlarının sessiz kalma nedenleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(29-1), 280-297.
71. Turgut, T. (2011). Çalışmaya tutkunluk: iş yükü, esnek çalışma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatışması ile ilişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 155-179.
72. Türkoğlu, H. (2011). İş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık ilişkisi ve bir uygulama [Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
73. Van Dyne, L. ve LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119.
74. Vecina, M. L., Chacón, F., Sueiro, M. ve Barrón, A. (2012). Volunteer engagement: Does engagement predict the degree of satisfaction among new volunteers and the commitment of those who have been active longer?. Applied Psychology, 61(1), 130-148.
75. Walton, R. E. (1985). From Control to Commitment in the Workplace: In factory after factory, there is a revolution under way in the management of work. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs.
76. Winer, B. J. (1962). Statistical principles in experimental design. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
77. Wolf, M. G. (1970). Nedd gratification theory: A theoretical reformulation of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction and job motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(1p1), 87.
78. Wood, S. ve De Menezes, L. M. (2011). High involvement management, high-performance work systems and well-being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(07), 1586-1610.
79. Wu, Y. W. (2015). The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employee Voice Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Work Engagement [Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ulusal Sun Yat-sen Üniversitesi, Çin.
80. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal Of Stress Management, 14(2), 121.
81. Yakın, M. ve Erdil, O. (2012). Relationships between self-efficacy and work engagement and the effects on job satisfaction: a survey on certified public accountants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 370-378.
82. Yavan, Ö. (2016). Örgütsel davranış düzleminde adanmışlık. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (25), 278-296.
83. Yeh, C. M. (2013). Tourism involvement, work engagement and job satisfaction among frontline hotel employees. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 214-239.
84. Yuen, K. F., Loh, H. S., Zhou, Q. ve Wong, Y. D. (2018). Determinants of job satisfaction and performance of seafarers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 110, 1-12.
85. Yüzer, A. F. (2009). İstatistik (Vol. 1448). Anadolu Universitesi.
86. Zhou, J. ve George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.