Animasyon Tarihinde Bir Dönüm Noktası: Sel Animasyon

Abstract

Yadsınamaz bir realite vardır ki, çizgi film ve animasyon, sanat ve bilimin bir araya gelmesi ile ortaya çıkar. Pozitif bilimler üzerine çalışan insanlarla animatörler, temel olarak düşünüldüğünde aynı görselleştirme yöntemlerini kullanırlar. Pozitif bilimlerle birlikte, özellikle fizik kanunlarından haberi olmayan ya da “nasıl?” sorusunu sormayan bir çizerin animatör olması zordur. Öte yandan kesin olan bir olgu var ki, sel animasyonun ortaya çıktığı süreçte çaba gösteren animatörler, 1960’lı yıllarda yaşamış animatörler kadar çok eğlenmemişlerdir. Çünkü (farkında olmasalar da) 1920’li yılların animatörleri, 1960’ların animatörlerine keyifli bir miras bırakmanın uğraşı içindelerdi. Araştırma çizgi film ve animasyonun modern tarihi içerisinde, naratif yapıdaki örneklerden başlayarak, 1910’lu yıllardan 1980’li yıllara kadar geçen 70 yıllık süreci endüstriyel bağlamda yönlendiren geleneksel sel animasyonun tarihçesini irdelemektedir. Sel animasyon, endüstriyel biçimde kullanılmaya başlandıktan sonra animasyonların üretim kalitesini artırmış ve animatörlerin çalışma sürelerini kısaltmıştır. Çalışma süresi kısalan animatörler, doğal olarak enerjisini farklı animasyon üretimlerine harcama fırsatı bulmuştur. Bu durumun bir neticesi olarak, sel animasyon tekniği, animasyon tarihinde üretim sürecinin kısalmasını ve animasyonun kalitesini artıran devrim niteliğindeki bir buluştur. Sel animasyon tekniğini en etkili biçimde kullanan şirketlerden birisi olan Walt Disney Stüdyolarıdır. Ancak teknik üzerindeki patent hakkı kalkana kadar, patent sahibine ücret ödeyerek üretim yapmak durumunda kalmıştır.

Keywords

• Animasyon
• Sel animasyon
• John Randolph Bray
• Earl Hurd
• Walt Disney

A Turning Point in Animation History: Cel Animation

Abstract

There is an undeniable reality that cartoons and animation emerges when art and science come together. Fundamentally, people who work on the positive sciences and animators use the same visualization methods. In addition to positive sciences, it is difficult for a cartoonist who is not aware of the laws of physics or who does not ask the question “how?” to become an animator. On the other hand, there is one certain fact that animators who worked hard during the period when cel animation emerged did not have as much fun as animators who lived in the 1960s. Because (even if they weren't aware of it) the animators of the 1920s were trying to leave a delightful legacy for the animators of the 1960s. The research examines the history of traditional cel animation, which has guided the 70-year process from the 1910s to the 1980s in an industrial context, starting from narrative examples within the modern history of cartoons and animation. After cel animation started to be used in an industrial way, it increased the production quality of animations and shortened the working time of animators. Animators, whose working hours were reduced, naturally had the opportunity to spend their energy on different animation productions. As a result of this situation, the cel animation technique is a revolutionary invention in the history of animation, shortening the production process and increasing the quality of animation. Walt Disney Studios is one of the companies that use the cel animation technique most effectively. However, until the patent right on the technique was lifted, it had to produce by paying a fee to the patent owner.

Keywords

• Animation
• Cel animation
• John Randolph Bray
• Earl Hurd
• Walt Disney

References

1. Brayman, A. (1997). Animating the pioneer versus late entrant debate: An historical case study. Journal of Management Studies. 34(3), 415-438.
2. Cavallaro, D. (2006). The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. Publishers.
3. Crafton, D. (1980). Before Mickey, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
4. Crafton, D. (1996). The Silent film, tricks and animation, The Oxford History of world cinema. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
5. Eschner, K. (2017). In 1913, One gluttonous pupper changed the course of animation history. Erişim Adresi: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/1913-one-gluttonous-pupper-changed-course-animation-history-180963593/
6. Farrokh, K. (2012). World’s oldest example of pictorial animation. Erişim Adresi: https://www.kavehfarrokh.com/ancient-prehistory-651-a-d/pre-achaemenid/worlds-oldest-example-of-pictorial-animation/
7. Father of Animation to be Honored by Museum on 96th Birthday. (2024). Erişim adresi: https://www.moma.org/docs/press_archives/5300/releases/MOMA_1975_0085_69.pdf
8. Frank, H. (2019). Frame by frame, a materialist aesthetics of animated cartoons. University of California Press. Oakland, California

9. Frank, H.M. (2016). Looking at cartoons: The Art, labor, and Technology of American Cel Animation. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], The University of Chicago, Chicago.
10. Langer, M. (1991). Institutional power and the fleischer studios: The Standard production reference. Cinema Journal, 30(2), 3-22.
11. Liu, Q. & Peng, H. (2021) Influence of artificial ıntelligence technology on animation creation. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1881(032076), 1-5.
12. Lund, K. (1999). Innovative Animators Early American Animation Featured in American Memory. Erişim Adresi: https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9906/animate.html
13. Moen, K. (2015). The Bray Studios and the “Invention” of animated film. Film History, 27(4), 130-150.
14. Neal-Lunsford, J. (1994). Cel Aesthetics: A Method for the Analysis of Animated Cartoons. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Indiana University, Indiana.
15. Reddy, S. (t.y.). History of American Animation and Walt Disney’s Significant Contribution. Erişim Adresi: https://filmstudies2270.wordpress.com/animation/computer-graphics-and-animation-student-2/
16. Sider, E. (2017). Texture and Narrative in WALL-E and Tangled, Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts, 4, 13-20. Erişim adresi: https://scholars.wlu.ca/luja/vol4/iss1/4/
17. Smith, C. (1977). The Early History of Animation: Saturday Morning TV Discovers 1915. Journal of the University Film Association, 29(3), 23-30.
18. Stabile, C. & Mark, H. (2003). Prime time animation television animation and American culture. Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.
19. The World’s First Cartoon: Fantasmagorie. (2022, 17 Kasım). Erişim Adresi: https://artlark.org/2022/08/17/fantasmagorie-the-first-ever-cartoon/
20. Thompson, K.M. (2014). Classical cel animation, world war two and Bambi, 1939-1945. Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington.
21. Yakut, İ. (2014). Yorumlayıcı paradigma yaklaşımı kavramlarıyla sinema sanatı üretimine bakış. Ulakbilge. 2(4), 15-29.