ALMANYA’DA 1850 SONRASI ENDÜSTRİLEŞME SÜRECİNDE BANKALARIN ROLÜ

Abstract

Endüstriyel gelişme için gerekli şartların mevcut olduğu ve bu şartların daha çok liberal ekonomi araçlarıyla harekete geçerek endüstrileşmeyi hızlandırdığı erken endüstrileşen ülkelerden farklı olarak, geç endüstrileşen ülkeler endüstriyel gelişme için gerekli şartları özgün kurumsal tepkiler yoluyla yaratmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda geç endüstrileşen ülkeler endüstrileşme çabaları esnasında, endüstrileşmelerinin yönünü belirleyen kurumlar oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geç endüstrileşen ülkeler içinde yer alan Almanya’da endüstriyel gelişimi teşvik eden en önemli kurumların, yatırım ve ticari bankacılığı birlikte gerçekleştiren evrensel bankalar olduğunu vurgulamaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada Almanya’da evrensel bankaların sermaye oluşumunda ve sermayenin hareketliliğinin sağlanmasında oynadığı rol, kredi yaratma politikaları ve özel sektöre yaptıkları teşvikler ele alınmaktadır.  

Keywords

• Geç endüstrileşme,Çok İşlevli (Evrensel) Banka,Almanya

The Role of Banks After 1850 Industrialızation Process in Germany

Abstract

Unlike the early industrializing countries, in which the prerequisites of industrial development exist, and these prerequisites are driven by liberal economic instruments to accelerate industrialization, late industrializing countries have had to create the prerequisites for industrial development through unique institutional reactions. In this context, late industrializing countries have been the institutions that determine the direction of their industrialization during their efforts to industrialize. The aim of this study is to emphasize that the most important institutions promoting industrial development in Germany, which is part of the late industrialized countries, are universal banks that carry out investment and commercial banking together. In this context, this study deals with the role played by universal banks in capital formation and the mobilization of capital in Germany, credit creation policies and incentives in the private sector.

Keywords

• Late Industrialization,Investment banks,Germany

References

1. Borchardt K. (1991). Perspectives On Modern German Economic History And Policy, Çev. Peter Lambert, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2. Bowen R. H. (1950). “Rise Of Modern Industry: The Roles Of Government And Private Enterprise İn German Industrial Growth, 1870-1914”, The Journal Of Economic History, Vol. 10, Supplement: The Tasks Of Economic History, Pp. 68-81
3. Bruck W. F. (1938). Social And Economic History Of Germany From William Iı To Hitler, 1888-1938: A Comparative Study, Oxford University Press, London
4. Burhop C. (2006). ”Did Banks Cause The German Industrialization?”, Explorations İn Economic History, 43, Pp. 39-63
5. Calomırıs C. W. (1995). “The Costs Of Rejecting Universal Banking: American Finance İn The German Mirror, 1870-1914”, Coordination And Information: Historical Perspectives On The Organization Of Enterprise, Der. N. R. Lamoreaux - D. M. G. Raff, University Of Chicago Press, Chicago, Pp. 257-315
6. Cameron R. E. (1956). “Some French Contributions To The Industrial Development Of Germany, 1840-1870”, The Journal Of Economic History, Vol. 16, No. 3, Pp. 281-321
7. Chandler A. D. (1990). Scale And Scope: The Dynamics Of Industrial Capitalism, Ma: Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, Cambridge
8. Edwards J. - Ogılvıe S. (1996). “Universal Banks Aand German Industrialization: A Reappraisal”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3, Pp. 427-446

9. Fear J. - Kobrak C. (2010). “Banks On Board: German And American Corporate Governance, 1870-1914”, Business History Review, 84, Pp. 703-736
10. Feldenkırchen W. (1991). “Banking And Economic Growth: Banks And Industry İn Germany İn The Nineteenth-Century And Their Changing Relationship During Industrialisation”, German Industry And German Industrialization, Essays İn German Economic And Business History İn The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries, Der. W. R. Lee, Routledge, New York, Pp. 116-147
11. Fohlın C. (1999). “Capital Mobilisation And Utilisation İn Latecomer Economies: Germany And Italy Compared”, European Review Of Economic History, Vol. 3, No. 2, Pp. 139-174
12. Fohlın, C. (2007). Finance Capitalism And Germany’s Rise To Industrial Power, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
13. Fremdlıng R. - Tılly R. (1976). “German Banks, German Growth And Econometric History”, The Journal Of Economic History, Vol. 36, No. 2, Pp. 416-424
14. Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness İn Historical Perspective, Harvard University Press, Cambridge
15. Guınnane T. W. (2002). “Delegated Monitors, Large And Small: Germany’s Banking System, 1800-1914”, Journal Of Economic Literature, Vol. 40, No. 1, Pp. 73-124
16. Holborn H. (1969). A History Of Modern Germany 1840-1945, Alfred A. Knopf, New York
17. James H. (1992). “Banks And Economic Development: Comments”, Finance And Financiers İn European History, 1880-1960, Der. Youssef Cassis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Pp. 113-118
18. Kocka J. (1978). “Entrepreneurs And Managers İn German Industrialization”, The Cambridge Economic History Of Europe, The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour And Enterprise, Der. M. M. Postan - D. C. Coleman - P. Mathias, Vol. Vıı, Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Pp. 492-589
19. Landes D. S. (1998). Kapitalizmin Doğuşu, Çev. Süleyman E. Gündüz, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul
20. Lee William R. (1991), “The Paradigm Of German Industrialisation: Some Recent Issues And Debates İn The Modern Historiography Of German Industrial Development, German Industry And German Industrialization, Essays İn German Economic And Business History İn The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries, Der. W. R. Lee, Routledge, New York, Pp. 1-46
21. Neuberger H. (1977). “The Industrial Politics Of The Kreditbanken, 1880-1914”, The Business History Review, Vol. 51, No. 2, Pp. 190-207
22. Neuberger Hugh - Stokes Houston H. (1974), “German Banks And German Growth: 1883-1913: An Empirical View”, The Journal Of Economic History, Vol. 34, No. 3, Pp. 710-731
23. Neuberger Hugh - Stokes Houston H. (1978), “German Banks And German Growth: Reply To Komlos”, The Journal Of Economic History, Vol. 38, No. 2, Pp. 480-483
24. Sönmez S. (2005). Dünya Ekonomisinde Dönüşüm, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara
25. Stolper G. - Hauser K. - Borchardt K. (1967). The German Economy 1870 To The Present, Çev. Toni Stolper, Brace&World, Inc., New York
26. Şahinkaya S. (1998). “Sanayileşme Süreçleri Ve Kalkınma Yatırım Bankaları: Teorik Bir Çerçeve Ve Türkiye Örneği”, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara
27. Tılly R. (1967). “Germany”, Banking İn The Early Stages Of Industrialization, Der. Rondo Cameron - Olga Crisp - Hugh T. Patrick - Richard Tilly, Oxford University Press, New York, Pp. 151-182
28. Tılly R. (1986). “German Banking, 1850-1914: Development Assistance To The Strong”, Journal Of European Economic History, 15, Pp. 113-152
29. Tılly R. (1992). “An Overview On The Role Of The Large German Banks Up To 1914”, Finance And Financiers İn European History, 1880-1960, Der. Youssef Cassis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Pp. 93-113
30. Tılly R. (1998). “Universal Banking İn Historical Perspective”, Journal Of Institutional And Theoretical Economics (Jıte), Vol. 154, No. 1, The New Institutional Economics Financial Institutions İn Transition: Banks And Financial Markets, Pp. 7-32
31. Tılly R. (1999). “Public Policy, Capital Markets And The Supply Of Industrial Finance İn Nineteenth Century Germany”, The State, The Financial System And Economic Modernization, Der. Richard Sylla - Richard Tilly - Gabriel Tortella, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Pp. 134-157
32. Tosdal H. R. (1917). “The German Steel Syndicate”, The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, Vol. 31, No. 2, Pp. 259-306
33. Trebılcock C. (1981). The Industrialization Of The Continental Powers, 1780-1914, Longman, London