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VEKÂLET SAVAŞLARINDA YÜKSELEN TREND: DEVLET SPONSORLUĞUNDA OLMAYAN VEKÂLET SAVAŞI

Year 2023, Issue: 2, 147 - 189, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1380217

Abstract

Günümüzün vekâlet savaşları yalnızca küresel güçler veya bölgesel aktörler tarafından değil, aynı zamanda siyasi motivasyonlu devlet dışı silahlı aktörler tarafından da yürütülmektedir. Bununla birlikte mevcut literatürde vekâlet yoluyla savaş stratejisi çoğunlukla bir devlet aktörünün başka bir devlete ya da devlet dışı silahlı bir gruba sponsorluğu olarak algılanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, vekâlet savaşına ilişkin mevcut anlayışlar, geleneksel olmayan vekâlet savaşı biçimlerini açıklamak için yeterli bir çerçeve sağlamamaktadır. Bu makale devlet sponsorluğunda olmayan vekâlet savaşını incelemektedir. Makalenin temel amacı, devlet sponsorluğunda olmayan vekâlet savaşına ilişkin bazı genel parametreleri ortaya çıkarmak ve böylece devlet sponsorluğunda olmayan vekâlet savaşının, devlet sponsorluğundaki vekâlet savaşından farklı olup olmadığını ve eğer öyleyse, ne ölçüde farklı olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda, makale üç kısa örnek olayı incelemektedir: El-Kaide’nin Kuzey Kafkasya’daki radikal Selefi hareketlere sponsorluğu, Hizbullah’ın Yemenli Husilere sponsorluğu ve Leşker-i Tayyibe’nin Hint Mücahitlerine sponsorluğu. Çalışmanın bulguları devlet hamiliğinde olmayan vekâlet savaşının özü itibariyle devlet hamiliğindeki vekâlet savaşından farklı olmadığına bununla birlikte söz konusu aktörlerin vekilleriyle tesis ettikleri ilişki biçimleri arasında az da olsa farklılıklar bulunduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu makale Small Wars Journal isimli çevrimiçi bir dergi için 21 Nisan 2022 tarihinde kaleme alınan “Non-State-Led Proxy Warfare: The Missing Link in the Proxy Wars Debate” isimli düşünce yazısının gözden geçirilmiş, güncellenmiş ve genişletilmiş versiyonudur.

References

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  • Levitt, Matthew. 2021. Hezbollah’s Regional Activities in Support of Iran’s Proxy Networks. Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute.
  • Macander, Michelle. 2021. “Examining Extremism: Lashkar-e-Taiba.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 28, 2021. https://www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-lashkar-e-taiba.
  • Maurer, Tim. 2018. Cyber Mercenaries: The State, Hackers, and Power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Markedonov, Sergey. 2010. Radical Islam in the North Caucasus Evolving Threats, Challenges, and Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  • Mumford, Andrew. 2013. Proxy Warfare. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
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  • NATO. t.y. “NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats”. Erişim: 17.08.2023. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm#:~:text=To%20deter%20hybrid%20threats%2C%20NATO,its%20deterrence%20and%20defence%20posture.
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  • Phillips, Christopher ve Morten Valbjørn. 2018. “ ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 29 (3): 414-433.
  • Pokalova, Elena. 2015. “The Islamic State Comes to Russia?” War on the Rocks, July 20, 2015. https://warontherocks.com/2015/07/the-islamic-state-comes-to-russia/.
  • Reuters. 2016. “Yemen Government Says Hezbollah Fighting Alongside Houthis.” February 24, 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKCN0VX21N.
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  • Tankel, Stephen. 2014b. Jihadist Violence: The Indian Threat. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center.
  • The International Centre for Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. 2014. “Sochi: Who is Behind the Caucasus Emirate?” February 6, 2014. https://icsr.info/2014/02/06/sochi-behind-caucasus-emirate/
  • The Express Tribune. 2011. “US places Indian Mujahideen on Terror List.” Erişim: 21.08.2023. https://tribune.com.pk/story/253036/%C2%B5s-places-indian-mujahideen-on-terror-list/
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Year 2023, Issue: 2, 147 - 189, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1380217

Abstract

References

  • Arab News. 2018. “Houthi Prisoner Admits: ‘Hezbollah Expert Came to Train Us’.” January 11, 2018. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1223831/middle-east.
  • Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. 1984. “The Strategy of War by Proxy.” Cooperation and Conflict 19 (4) (November): 263-273.
  • BBC. 2013. “Profile: Indian Mujahideen.” Erişim: 16.08.2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23876150
  • Blanford, Nicholas. 2022. “Lebanon: The Shiite Dimension.” Wilson Center, July 13, 2022. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/lebanon-the-shiite-dimension.
  • Borshchevskaya, Anna. 2016. “The Islamic State Comes to Russia.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, January 26, 2016. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policyanalysis/islamic-state-comes-russia.
  • Byman, Daniel, Peter Chalk, Bruce Hoffman, William Rosenau ve David Brannan. 2001. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • Byman, Daniel L. 2015. “Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different Goals, Different Targets.” Brookings, April 29, 2015. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/comparing-al-qaeda-and-isis-different-goals-different-targets/.
  • Byman, Daniel L. 2018. “Why Engage in Proxy War? A State’s Perspective.” Brookings, May 21, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-engage-in-proxy-war-a-states-perspective/.
  • Chamberlain, Gethin. 2008. “Coordinated Nature of Mumbai Shootings Points to Shadowy Islamist Group.” November 26, 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/26/india-attacks-mumbai-terror-security.
  • Clarke, Colin P. 2017. “How Hezbollah Came to Dominate Information Warfare.” The Jerusalem Post, September 17, 2017. https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/How-Hezbollah-came-to-dominate-information-warfare-505354.
  • Clarke, Ryan. 2010. Lashkar-I-Taiba: The Fallacy of Subservient Proxies and The Future of Islamist Terrorism in India. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College.
  • Cohen, Ariel. 2014. Russia’s Counterinsurgency in North Caucasus: Performance and Consequences. Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College.
  • Corbeil, Alexander ve Amarnath Amarasingam. 2016. “The Houthi Hezbollah Iran’s Train-and-Equip Program in Sanaa.” Foreign Affairs, March 31, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-03-31/houthi-hezbollah.
  • Cormac, Rory ve Richard J. Aldrich. 2018. “Grey is the New Black: Covert Action and Implausible Deniability.” International Affairs 94 (3): 477-494. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy067.
  • Deccan Herald. 2010. “Indian Mujahideen Declared as Terrorist Outfit.” Erişim: 14.08.2023. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/73373/indian-mujahideen-declared-terrorist-outfit.html.
  • Deutsch, Karl W. 1964. “External Involvement in Internal Wars.” In Internal War: Problems and Approaches, der. Harry Eckstein, 100-110. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
  • Duner, Bertil. 1981. “Proxy Intervention in Civil Wars.” Journal of Peace Research 18 (4) (December): 353-361.
  • Gambhir, Harleen. 2015. “ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia’s North Caucasus Region.” Institute for the Study of War, June 23, 2015. https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus region#:~:text=ISIS’s%20spokesman%20Abu%20Muhammad%20al,Islamic%20State%E2%80%9D%20in%20the%20Caucasus.
  • Gente, Regis. 2015. “Is this the end of the Caucasus Emirate?” Open Democracy, June 29, 2015. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/is-this-end-of-caucasus-emirate/.
  • Glenn, Russell. W. 2012. All Glory is Fleeting: Insights from the Second Lebanon War. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • Groh, Tyrone L. 2019. Proxy War: The Least Bad Option. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Hahn, Gordon M. 2011. Getting the Caucasus Emirate Right. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  • Hoffman, Frank. 2007. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, Virginia: Potomac Institute for Political Studies.
  • Hoffman, Frank, ve Andrew Orner. 2021. “The Return of Great-Power Proxy Wars.” War on the Rocks, September 2, 2021. https://warontherocks.com/2021/09/the-return-of-great-power-proxy-wars/.
  • International Crises Group. 2016a. Exploiting Disorder: al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. Brussel: International Crisis Group Headquarters.
  • International Crises Group. 2016b. The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria: An Exported Jihad? Brussel: International Crisis Group Headquarters.
  • Jasutis, Grazvydas. 2016. The Rise and Decline of the Caucasus Emirate. Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
  • Joffre, Tzivi 2021. “Saudi Coalition Shows Footage of Alleged Hezbollah Involvement in Yemen war.” December 26, 2021. https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-689814.
  • Khatib, Lina. 2021. “How Hezbollah holds sway over the Lebanese state.” Chatham House, June 2021. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/2021-06-30-how-hezbollah-holds-sway-over-the-lebanese-state-khatib.pdf
  • Leenders, Reinoud ve Antonio Giustozzi. 2022. “Foreign sponsorship of pro-government militias fighting Syria’s insurgency: Whither proxy wars?” Mediterranean Politics 27 (5): 614-643. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2020.1839235.
  • Levitt, Matthew. 2021. Hezbollah’s Regional Activities in Support of Iran’s Proxy Networks. Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute.
  • Macander, Michelle. 2021. “Examining Extremism: Lashkar-e-Taiba.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 28, 2021. https://www.csis.org/blogs/examining-extremism/examining-extremism-lashkar-e-taiba.
  • Maurer, Tim. 2018. Cyber Mercenaries: The State, Hackers, and Power. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Markedonov, Sergey. 2010. Radical Islam in the North Caucasus Evolving Threats, Challenges, and Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  • Mumford, Andrew. 2013. Proxy Warfare. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Moghadam, Assaf, ve Michel Wyss. 2020. “The Political Power of Proxies: Why Nonstate Actors Use Local Surrogates.” International Security 44(4) (Spring): 119-157. Project MUSE muse.jhu.edu/article/754067.
  • NATO. t.y. “NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats”. Erişim: 17.08.2023. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm#:~:text=To%20deter%20hybrid%20threats%2C%20NATO,its%20deterrence%20and%20defence%20posture.
  • Peters, Ralph. 2006. “Lessons from Lebanon: The New Model Terrorist Army.” Armed Forces Journal International, October 1, 2006. http://armedforcesjournal.com/lessons-from-lebanon/.
  • Phillips, Christopher ve Morten Valbjørn. 2018. “ ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 29 (3): 414-433.
  • Pokalova, Elena. 2015. “The Islamic State Comes to Russia?” War on the Rocks, July 20, 2015. https://warontherocks.com/2015/07/the-islamic-state-comes-to-russia/.
  • Reuters. 2016. “Yemen Government Says Hezbollah Fighting Alongside Houthis.” February 24, 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-idUSKCN0VX21N.
  • Reuters. 2017. “Lebanon’s Hezbollah Denies Sending Weapons to Yemen.” November 20, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-nasrallah-idUSKBN1DK22D.
  • Riedel, Bruce. 2009. The Mumbai Massacre and Its Implications for America and South Asia. Journal of International Affairs 63 (1): 111-126. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24384175.
  • Rondeaux, Candace ve David Sterman. 2019. Twenty-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation in a Multipolar World Since the 2011 NATO Intervention. Washington D.C: New America.
  • Saeed Al-Batati. 2021 “Yemen Army Kills Hezbollah Military Expert in Marib.” Arab News, December 09, 2021. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1984261/middle-east.
  • Salehyan, Ideal. 2009. Rebels Without Borders: Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Solmaz, Tarık. 2018. “Terörizmle Mücadelede Uluslararası İşbirliği: Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü Örneği.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi.
  • Solmaz, Tarık. 2022. “ ‘Hybrid Warfare’: One Term, Many Meanings.” Small Wars Journal. February 25, 2022. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/hybrid-warfare-one-term-many-meanings.
  • Stanford University. 2018a. “Mapping Militant Organizations: Caucasus Emirate.” Erişim: 18.07.2023. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/caucasus-emirate.
  • Stanford University. 2018b. “Mapping Militant Organizations: Lashkar-e-Taiba.” Erişim: 24.08.2023. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/lashkar-e-taiba.
  • Stanford University. 2019. “Mapping Militant Organizations: Al Qaeda.” Erişim: 12.07. 2023. https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/al-qaeda.
  • Stebbins, Robert A. 2001. Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publication.
  • Sturdee, Nick ve Mairbek Vatchagaev. 2020. “ISIS in the North Caucasus.” Newlines Institute for Strategy and Policy, October 26, 2020, https://newlinesinstitute.org/isis/isis-in-the-north-caucasus/.
  • Tankel, Stephen. 2011. Lashkar-e-Taiba: Past Operations and Future Prospects. Washington, D.C.: New America Foundation.
  • Tankel, Stephen. 2014a. The Indian Jihadist Movement: Evolution and Dynamics. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
  • Tankel, Stephen. 2014b. Jihadist Violence: The Indian Threat. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center.
  • The International Centre for Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. 2014. “Sochi: Who is Behind the Caucasus Emirate?” February 6, 2014. https://icsr.info/2014/02/06/sochi-behind-caucasus-emirate/
  • The Express Tribune. 2011. “US places Indian Mujahideen on Terror List.” Erişim: 21.08.2023. https://tribune.com.pk/story/253036/%C2%B5s-places-indian-mujahideen-on-terror-list/
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  • Tierney, Dominic. 2021 “The Future of Sino-U.S. Proxy War.” Texas National Security Review 4(2) (Spring): 49-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/13198.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Security
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tarık Solmaz 0000-0001-6345-2256

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date October 23, 2023
Acceptance Date December 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Solmaz, Tarık. “VEKÂLET SAVAŞLARINDA YÜKSELEN TREND: DEVLET SPONSORLUĞUNDA OLMAYAN VEKÂLET SAVAŞI”. Diplomasi Ve Strateji Dergisi, no. 2 (December 2023): 147-89. https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1380217.

DSJ is the corporate publication of the Association for Diplomacy and Strategy Studies.