MONARŞİ VE MODERNİTE: ÇEK MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİ VE HABSBURG İMPARATORLUĞU'NUN SON DÖNEMİ

Year 2017, Volume: 57 Issue: 1, 538 - 563, 01.01.2017

Onur İşçi

Abstract

Bu makale, ondokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Çek milliyetçiliği konusunda incelemeler yapmış olan tarihçilerin Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu'na dair “uzatmalı çöküş” tezini savunmuş olan ana akım tarihçilerden hangi açılardan ayrıldığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Makalede ilk olarak Habsburg İmparatorluğu'nda 1848 Baharı sonrası yükselen milliyetçilik dalgası üzerine yazılmış tarih incelemelerine kısaca göz atılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, özellikle 1930'lardan günümüze kadar üretilmiş akademik çalışmalarda değişen algılar ve argümanlar incelenmektedir. Makalenin özellikle vurgu yaptığı meseleler arasında Çek Milli Uyanışı'nda liberalizmin rolü; 1867 Ausgleich Anlaşması'nın Avusturya-Macaristan ikili monarşisinin kuruluşu Habsburg İmparatorluğu'nda yaşayan Alman olmayan, Macar olmayan halklar üzerindeki etkisi ve tarihsel vektörleri göz ardı ederek, etnik kompartımanlar üzerinden kendini yeniden yapılandırmaya çalışan Avusturya İmparatorluğu'nda patlak veren politik çatışmalar yer almaktadır. Makalede cevaplanmaya çalışılan bu sorular, bugüne kadar çağdaş tarih incelemelerinde uzun uzadıya irdelenmiş olan “İmparatorlukların yaşama olasılıkları” sorusu ile aynı gibi görünebilir; fakat öyle bile olsa pek çok başka soruyu da akla getirmektedir. Franz Joseph Çek topraklarının yönetimi meselesinde iç politikada ne kadar etkili adımlar atabildi? Habsburg İmparatorluğu son zamanlarında Batı Avrupalı çağdaşlarına nazaran milliyetçilik meselesinde ne kadar modernleşebilmişti? Ve nihayet, Habsburg monarşisi hızla büyüyen ve gelişen bir dünyada kendi statik yapısı nedeniyle mi çökmeye mahkûm olmuştu, yoksa bu çöküş monarşinin kendi iç meselelerinden ziyade Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndaki yenilgisiyle ortaya çıkmış beklenmedik bir olay mıydı?

Keywords

Habsburg İmparatorluğu, Çek Milliyetçiliği, Ausgleich, Avrupa Monarşilerinin Yıkılışı, Jaroslav Hašek, Franz Joseph I

MONARCHY AND MODERNITY: CZECH NATIONALISM AND THE LATE HABSBURG EMPIRE

Abstract

In this paper, I will look at the ways in which historians working on Czech nationalism differed from the mainstream that used to – and perhaps still does – favor the prolonged decline thesis. I will argue that for all the details with which hitherto written monographs have enriched our understanding of the Habsburg state and its relationship with numerous component nationalities, as of yet more questions have been raised than have been answered. This paper will rst seek to present a brief survey of the English language historiography on the rise of nationalism in the post-1848 Habsburg Empire. I examine the changing perceptions in 20th century scholarship, mainly from the 1930s until the present, vis-à-vis the role of liberalism in the Czech National Revival, the impact of Ausgleich on other non-German non-Magyar subjects of Cis-Leithania, and the ensuing political conict over imperial organization on ethnic versus historic lines. Although this subject relates closely to such over-studied questions as the "viability of the Empire," it touches on a number of other issues: How effective was Franz Joseph in his domestic policies regarding the administration of the Czech lands? How modern was the late Habsburg Empire in its dealings with nationalities compared to its West European contemporaries? Ultimately, was the Habsburg monarchy's fate unquestionably doomed to oblivion due to its static structure in an exponentially growing world system, or was its downfall an abrupt incident, which owed more to its defeat in World War I than to its own inner contradictions?

Keywords

Habsburg Empire, Czech Nationalism Ausgleich, Collapse of European Monarchies, Jaroslav Hašek, Franz Joseph I

References

• Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. “Czechs, Germans. Bohemians?” Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe. Ed. Nancy Wingfield. New York: Berghahn Books, 2003.
• Albrecht, Catherine. “Rural Banks and Czech Nationalism in Bohemia, 1848-1914.” Agricultural History 78.3 (2004): 317-345.
• Bradley, J.F.N. “Czech Pan-Slavism before the First World War.” The Slavonic and East European Review 40.94 (1961):18 4-205.
• Cohen, Gary B. “Recent Research on Czech Nation-Building.” The Journal of Modern History 51.4 (1979): 760-772.
• --. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2006.
• Cornwall, Mark. “The Struggle on the Czech-German Language Border, 1880-1940.” The English Historical Review 109 (1994): 914-951.
• Fiedler, Leslie A. “Foreword.” The Good Soldier: Schweik. Jaroslav Hašek. New York: Amereon House, 1963.
• Garver, Bruce M. The Young Czech Party, 1874-1901, and the Emergence of a Multi- Party System. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
• Glassheim, Eagle. “Between Empire and Nation: The Bohemian Nobility, 1880- 1918.” Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe. Eds. Pieter M. Judson ve Marsha L. Rozenblit. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005.
• Good, David F. "The Economic Lag of Central and Eastern Europe: Income Estimates for the Habsburg Successor States." The Journal of Economic History 54.4 (1994): 869-891.
• Hašek, Jaroslav. Aslan Asker Şvayk. Çev. Celâl Üster. İstanbul: Can, 2006.
• Hunczak, Taras. Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution. New York: Rutgers University Press, 1974.
• İşci, Onur. “Wartime Propaganda and the Legacies of Defeat: The Russian and Ottoman Popular Presses in the War of 1877-78.” Russian History 41 (2014): 181-196.
• Jaszi, Oscar. "Some Recent Publications Concerning the Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy." The Journal of Modern History 2.1 (1930): 96-110.
• --. The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
• Kann, Robert A. The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1918. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950.
• Kelly, T. Mills. Without Remorse: Czech National Socialism in the Late Habsburg Austria. Boulder: East European Monographs, 2006.
• King, Jeremy. Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848-1948. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
• Kohn, Hans. “The Viability of the Habsburg Monarchy.” Slavic Review 22.1 (1963): 37-42.
• Miller, Michael. “The Rise and Fall of Archbishop Kohn: Czechs, Germans, and Jews in Turn-of-the-Century Moravia.” Slavic Review 65.3 (2006): 446-474.
• Parrott, Cecil. The Bad Bohemian: A Life of Jaroslav Hašek, Creator of the Good Soldier Svejk. London: The Bodley Head, 1978.
• Pech, Stanley Z. The Czech Revolution of 1848. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969.
• --. “The Passive Resistance of the Czechs, 1863-1879.” The Slavonic and East European Review 36.87 (1958): 434-452.
• Redlich, Josef. Das österreichische Staats und Reichsproblem. Leipzig, 1920.
• --. Kaiser Franz Joseph von Osterreich: Eine Biographie. Berlin, 1928.
• Remak, Joachim. “The Healthy Invalid: How Doomed the Habsburg Empire?” The Journal of Modern History 41. 2 (Jun., 1969): 127-143.
• Sked, Alan. “Historians, the Nationality Question and the Downfall of the Habsburg Empire.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 31 (1981): 175-193.
• --. The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918. London: Longman, 1989.
• Sobota, Emil. “Czechs and Germans: A Czech View.” The Slavonic and East European Review 14.41 (1936): 301-320.
• Stern, J.P. “War and the Comic Muse: The Good Soldier Schweik and Catch-22.” Comparative Literature 20.3 (1968): 193-216.
• Stone, Norman. “Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy.” Past and Present 33 (1966): 95-111.
• --. The Eastern Front: 1914-17. London: Purnell Book Club, 1975.
• Sugar, Peter F. "The Nature of the Non-Germanic Societies under Habsburg Rule." Slavic Review 22.1 (1963): 1- 30.
• --. “Statues of Emperor Joseph II as Sites of German Identity.” Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe. Eds.Nancy M Wingfield ve Maria Bucur. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2001.
• Taylor, A.J.P. The Habsburg Monarchy: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria- Hungary, 1809-1918. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948.