MONARŞİ VE MODERNİTE: ÇEK MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİ VE HABSBURG İMPARATORLUĞU'NUN SON DÖNEMİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 538 - 563, 01.01.2017

Onur İşçi

Öz

Bu makale, ondokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Çek milliyetçiliği konusunda incelemeler yapmış olan tarihçilerin Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu'na dair “uzatmalı çöküş” tezini savunmuş olan ana akım tarihçilerden hangi açılardan ayrıldığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Makalede ilk olarak Habsburg İmparatorluğu'nda 1848 Baharı sonrası yükselen milliyetçilik dalgası üzerine yazılmış tarih incelemelerine kısaca göz atılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, özellikle 1930'lardan günümüze kadar üretilmiş akademik çalışmalarda değişen algılar ve argümanlar incelenmektedir. Makalenin özellikle vurgu yaptığı meseleler arasında Çek Milli Uyanışı'nda liberalizmin rolü; 1867 Ausgleich Anlaşması'nın Avusturya-Macaristan ikili monarşisinin kuruluşu Habsburg İmparatorluğu'nda yaşayan Alman olmayan, Macar olmayan halklar üzerindeki etkisi ve tarihsel vektörleri göz ardı ederek, etnik kompartımanlar üzerinden kendini yeniden yapılandırmaya çalışan Avusturya İmparatorluğu'nda patlak veren politik çatışmalar yer almaktadır. Makalede cevaplanmaya çalışılan bu sorular, bugüne kadar çağdaş tarih incelemelerinde uzun uzadıya irdelenmiş olan “İmparatorlukların yaşama olasılıkları” sorusu ile aynı gibi görünebilir; fakat öyle bile olsa pek çok başka soruyu da akla getirmektedir. Franz Joseph Çek topraklarının yönetimi meselesinde iç politikada ne kadar etkili adımlar atabildi? Habsburg İmparatorluğu son zamanlarında Batı Avrupalı çağdaşlarına nazaran milliyetçilik meselesinde ne kadar modernleşebilmişti? Ve nihayet, Habsburg monarşisi hızla büyüyen ve gelişen bir dünyada kendi statik yapısı nedeniyle mi çökmeye mahkûm olmuştu, yoksa bu çöküş monarşinin kendi iç meselelerinden ziyade Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndaki yenilgisiyle ortaya çıkmış beklenmedik bir olay mıydı?

Anahtar Kelimeler

Habsburg İmparatorluğu, Çek Milliyetçiliği, Ausgleich, Avrupa Monarşilerinin Yıkılışı, Jaroslav Hašek, Franz Joseph I

MONARCHY AND MODERNITY: CZECH NATIONALISM AND THE LATE HABSBURG EMPIRE

Öz

In this paper, I will look at the ways in which historians working on Czech nationalism differed from the mainstream that used to – and perhaps still does – favor the prolonged decline thesis. I will argue that for all the details with which hitherto written monographs have enriched our understanding of the Habsburg state and its relationship with numerous component nationalities, as of yet more questions have been raised than have been answered. This paper will rst seek to present a brief survey of the English language historiography on the rise of nationalism in the post-1848 Habsburg Empire. I examine the changing perceptions in 20th century scholarship, mainly from the 1930s until the present, vis-à-vis the role of liberalism in the Czech National Revival, the impact of Ausgleich on other non-German non-Magyar subjects of Cis-Leithania, and the ensuing political conict over imperial organization on ethnic versus historic lines. Although this subject relates closely to such over-studied questions as the "viability of the Empire," it touches on a number of other issues: How effective was Franz Joseph in his domestic policies regarding the administration of the Czech lands? How modern was the late Habsburg Empire in its dealings with nationalities compared to its West European contemporaries? Ultimately, was the Habsburg monarchy's fate unquestionably doomed to oblivion due to its static structure in an exponentially growing world system, or was its downfall an abrupt incident, which owed more to its defeat in World War I than to its own inner contradictions?

Anahtar Kelimeler

Habsburg Empire, Czech Nationalism Ausgleich, Collapse of European Monarchies, Jaroslav Hašek, Franz Joseph I

Kaynakça

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