Abstract
China is a peninsular country with a coast to the sea and the ocean. Due to its geographical location, maritime activities started very early in China. The start of maritime activities on its shores has affected China both positively and negatively. During the periods when maritime activities were suppressed, the coasts remained defenseless. During these periods, they sometimes cooperated with pirates to protect their shores and sometimes they were harassed by piracy. Zheng Zhilong and his son Zheng Chenggong also appear as important figures in Chinese maritime history as pirates or sea thieves with periodic changes.
The subject of this article is the effects of Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Chenggong on Chinese maritime history. The study examines the resistance of Zheng Zhilong, a prominent sailor and merchant, against the Qing during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in the early 17th century. The importance of Zheng Chenggong, who continued the maritime following in his father's footsteps, in terms of both Chinese and Taiwanese history, was emphasized, and his struggle for Taiwan was revealed.
Zheng Zhilong started his commercial activities in Japan and although he wanted to resist with the Ming in the Manchu sieges, he gave up and went to the side of the Qing, and achieved success on the battlefield, but was again executed by the Qing. His son Zheng Chenggong turned all the fleets left from his father into a full fledged military power, sided with the Ming, but could not fight against the Qing, he settled in Taiwan and gained great power in overseas lands, making great contributions to the maritime history of the Ming-Qing period. In this study, primary and secondary sources were examined using the historical research method, the period and historical characters were tried to be understood.
Supporting Institution
Erciyes Üniversitesi Bap Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
SYL-2019-8619 kodlu, 8619 ID numaralı
References
- Andrade, T. (2008). How Taiwan Became Chinese; Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.
- Bayram, M. ve Emiroğlu, H. (2020). Çin Tarzı Uluslararası İlişkilerin Analitik Çerçevesi: Yeni Haraçcılık. Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 29-44.
- Brown, W. N. (2023). Splendors of Quanzhou, Past and Present. Springer.
- Calanca, P. (2010). Piracy and Coastal Security in Southeastern China, 1600–1780. R. Antony (Ed.). Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas içinde (s. 85-98). Hong Kong University Press.
- Ceylan, F. E. (2016). Müslüman Çinli Amiral Zheng He’nın Aile Tarihi’ne Genel Bir Bakış. Current Research in Social Sciences, 2(2), 37-45.
- Chen, M. (2021). A Study on the Relationship Between “Coastal Defense” and “Sea Ban” in Ming Dynasty. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 375-379.
- Chiu, H.-h. (1967). The colonial 'civilizing process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662. Taipei: Leiden University.
- Connolly , P. ve Antony, R. (2017). ‘A Terrible Scourge’: Chinese Piracy and Coastal Defence in Broad Historical Perspective. Y. Sim (Ed.). The Maritime Defence of China: Ming General Qi Jiguang and Beyond içinde (s. 43-58). Springer.
- Croizier, R. C. (1977). Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism History, Myth, and The Hero. London: Harvard University.
- Dar, K. (2018). The Zheng Familiy and Dutch in The Malay Archipelago: Competition and Conflict in The 17th Century. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2), 54-65.
- Hang, X. (2013). The Contradictions of Legacy: Reimagining the Zheng Zheng Familiy in the People's Republic of China. Late Imperial China, 34(2), 1-27.
- Heylen, A. (2010). The Transnational in Taiwan History: A Preliminary Exploration. Literary and Cultural Studies, 36(1), 9-33.
- Holroyd, R. E. (2011). The English East India Company's. Edmonton.
- John E. Wills, J. (1999). The Seventeenth-Century Transformation . M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.). Taiwan: A New History: A New History içinde (s. 84-106). An East Gate Book.
- Keay, J. (2008). Çin Tarihi. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayıncılık.
- Koshimura, I. (2018). The Wako’s Economic Warfare and The Making Of The East Asian Seas Order. Ekonomska- i Ekohistorija, XIV(14), 225-249.
- Kovar, M. (2013). Lisans Tezi, Masaryk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Din Bilimleri Enstitüsü Çin Çalışmaları Semineri. The Relationship between the Zheng Family and the Ming and Qing Imperial Dynasties.
- Lancaster, R. (2014). Piety over Piracy: The Shaolin Monks’ Victory. Saber and Scroll, 3(4), 39-51.
- Lu, C.-H. (2020). The Art of being an Imperial Broker: The Qing Conquest of Taiwan and Maritime Society (1624-1788).
- Morris, A. D. (2004). Taiwan's History An Introduction. University Of Hawaii Press.
- Po, R. C. (2017). Shi Lang: Hero or Villain? His Evolving Legacy in China and Taiwan. Modern Asian Studies, 1-24.
- Roberts, J. (2017). Kısa Dünya Tarihi. (M. T. Akad, Çev.). İnkılap Yayınları.
- Schottenhammer, A. (2017). China’s Rise and Retreat as a Maritime Power. R. Antony, ve A. Schottenhammer (Ed.). Beyond the Silk Roads: New Discourses on China's Role in East Asian Maritime History içinde (s. 189-211). Harrassowitz.
- Teo, V. (2012). Southeast Asia between China and Japan: A Historical Survey. L. P. Er ve V. Teo (Ed.). Southeast Asia between China and Japan içinde (s. 1-47). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Topal, A. H. (2010). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Mücadele Yöntemleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi , 59(1), 99-130.
- Ts'ui-jung, L. (1998). Han Migration and the Settlement of Taiwan: The Onset of Environmental Change. M. E. Ts’ui-jung (Ed.). Sediment of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History içinde (s. 165-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vickers, E. (2021). Three Faces Of Asian Hero: Commemorating Koxinga in Contemporary China, Taiwan, and Japan. C. Shei (Ed.). Taiwan içinde (s. 157-182). Routledge.
- Wang, C. (2007). Interpretting Zheng Chenggong; The Politics Dramatizing A Historical Figure In Japan, China. Hawaii: Hawaii University.
- Wei, Y. (2014). Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages to the “West Oceans”. Education About ASIA, 19(2), 26-30.
- Yolaç, C. (2016). Herkes İçin Çin Tarihi Siyaset Kültür ve Medeniyet. Ankara: Krp Yayıncılık.
- Zheng, G. N. (1998). Zhong guo hai zei shi (中国海盗史) (Çin Korsanlık ve Deniz Haydutluğu Tarihi). Shanghai 上海: Huodong Ligong Daxue Chubanshe (货东理工大学出版社) (Doğu Politeknik Üniversitesi Yayınları).
- 清史稿-列传二百七十四 (Qing Shi Gao-Liezhuan Er Bai Qi Shi Si). (tarih yok). 中国哲学书电子化计划 (Zhongguo Zhexue Shu Dianzi Hua Jihua): https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=17784&searchu=%E9%83%91%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&remap=gb
- 清史稿-列传十一 (Qing Shi Gao-Lie Zhuan Shi Yi). (tarih yok). 中国哲学书电子化计划 (Zhongguo Zhexue Shu Dianzi Hua Jihua): https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=18566&remap=gb
- 馬光, M. G. (2020). Re-evaluating the Wokou Problem in East Asia During the 1220s. Journal Of Asian History, 54(2), 259-272.
Abstract
Çin, denize ve okyanusa kıyısı olan bir yarımada ülkesidir. Coğrafi konumu itibariyle denizcilik faaliyetleri Çin’de çok erken dönemlerde başlamıştır. Kıyılarındaki denizcilik faaliyetlerinin başlaması, Çin’i hem olumlu hem de olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Denizcilik faaliyetlerinin baskılandığı dönemlerde de kıyılar savunmasız kalmıştır. Bu periyotlarda, bazen kıyılarını korumak için korsanlarla iş birliği yapmış bazen de deniz haydutlarının tacizlerine maruz kalmışlardır. Zheng Zhilong ve oğlu Zheng Chenggong da dönemsel değişikliklerle korsan ya da deniz haydudu olarak Çin denizcilik tarihinde önemli figürler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Bu makalenin konusu Zheng Zhilong ve Zheng Chenggong’un Çin denizcilik tarihine etkileridir. Çalışmada, 17. yüzyılın başlarında Ming Hanedanlığının çöküşü sırasında öne çıkan bir denizci ve tüccar olan Zheng Zhilong’un Qing’e karşı direnişi incelenmiştir. Babasının izinden giderek denizciliği sürdürmüş olan Zheng Chenggong’un hem Çin hem Tayvan tarihi açısından önemi üzerinde durulmuş, Tayvan için mücadelesi ortaya koyulmuştur.
Zheng Zhilong ticari faaliyetlerine Japonya’da başlamış ve Mançu kuşatmalarında Ming’le birlikte direniş göstermek istese de bundan vazgeçip Qing tarafına geçmiş, savaş alanında başarılar elde etmiş ancak yine Qing tarafından infaz edilmiştir. Oğlu Zheng Chenggong babasından kalan tüm
filoları tam teşekküllü askeri bir güce çevirmiş, Ming’den yana saf tutmuş ancak Qing’e karşı mücadele edemeyerek Tayvan’a yerleşmiş ve denizaşırı topraklarda büyük güç elde ederek Ming-Qing dönemi denizcilik tarihine büyük katkılar sunmuştur. Bu çalışmada tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar incelenmiş dönem ve tarihi karakterler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır, sonuç bölümünde baba-oğulun faaliyetleri bağıntısal olarak yorumlanmıştır.
Project Number
SYL-2019-8619 kodlu, 8619 ID numaralı
References
- Andrade, T. (2008). How Taiwan Became Chinese; Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.
- Bayram, M. ve Emiroğlu, H. (2020). Çin Tarzı Uluslararası İlişkilerin Analitik Çerçevesi: Yeni Haraçcılık. Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 29-44.
- Brown, W. N. (2023). Splendors of Quanzhou, Past and Present. Springer.
- Calanca, P. (2010). Piracy and Coastal Security in Southeastern China, 1600–1780. R. Antony (Ed.). Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas içinde (s. 85-98). Hong Kong University Press.
- Ceylan, F. E. (2016). Müslüman Çinli Amiral Zheng He’nın Aile Tarihi’ne Genel Bir Bakış. Current Research in Social Sciences, 2(2), 37-45.
- Chen, M. (2021). A Study on the Relationship Between “Coastal Defense” and “Sea Ban” in Ming Dynasty. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 375-379.
- Chiu, H.-h. (1967). The colonial 'civilizing process' in Dutch Formosa 1624-1662. Taipei: Leiden University.
- Connolly , P. ve Antony, R. (2017). ‘A Terrible Scourge’: Chinese Piracy and Coastal Defence in Broad Historical Perspective. Y. Sim (Ed.). The Maritime Defence of China: Ming General Qi Jiguang and Beyond içinde (s. 43-58). Springer.
- Croizier, R. C. (1977). Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism History, Myth, and The Hero. London: Harvard University.
- Dar, K. (2018). The Zheng Familiy and Dutch in The Malay Archipelago: Competition and Conflict in The 17th Century. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2), 54-65.
- Hang, X. (2013). The Contradictions of Legacy: Reimagining the Zheng Zheng Familiy in the People's Republic of China. Late Imperial China, 34(2), 1-27.
- Heylen, A. (2010). The Transnational in Taiwan History: A Preliminary Exploration. Literary and Cultural Studies, 36(1), 9-33.
- Holroyd, R. E. (2011). The English East India Company's. Edmonton.
- John E. Wills, J. (1999). The Seventeenth-Century Transformation . M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.). Taiwan: A New History: A New History içinde (s. 84-106). An East Gate Book.
- Keay, J. (2008). Çin Tarihi. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayıncılık.
- Koshimura, I. (2018). The Wako’s Economic Warfare and The Making Of The East Asian Seas Order. Ekonomska- i Ekohistorija, XIV(14), 225-249.
- Kovar, M. (2013). Lisans Tezi, Masaryk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Din Bilimleri Enstitüsü Çin Çalışmaları Semineri. The Relationship between the Zheng Family and the Ming and Qing Imperial Dynasties.
- Lancaster, R. (2014). Piety over Piracy: The Shaolin Monks’ Victory. Saber and Scroll, 3(4), 39-51.
- Lu, C.-H. (2020). The Art of being an Imperial Broker: The Qing Conquest of Taiwan and Maritime Society (1624-1788).
- Morris, A. D. (2004). Taiwan's History An Introduction. University Of Hawaii Press.
- Po, R. C. (2017). Shi Lang: Hero or Villain? His Evolving Legacy in China and Taiwan. Modern Asian Studies, 1-24.
- Roberts, J. (2017). Kısa Dünya Tarihi. (M. T. Akad, Çev.). İnkılap Yayınları.
- Schottenhammer, A. (2017). China’s Rise and Retreat as a Maritime Power. R. Antony, ve A. Schottenhammer (Ed.). Beyond the Silk Roads: New Discourses on China's Role in East Asian Maritime History içinde (s. 189-211). Harrassowitz.
- Teo, V. (2012). Southeast Asia between China and Japan: A Historical Survey. L. P. Er ve V. Teo (Ed.). Southeast Asia between China and Japan içinde (s. 1-47). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Topal, A. H. (2010). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Mücadele Yöntemleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi , 59(1), 99-130.
- Ts'ui-jung, L. (1998). Han Migration and the Settlement of Taiwan: The Onset of Environmental Change. M. E. Ts’ui-jung (Ed.). Sediment of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History içinde (s. 165-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Vickers, E. (2021). Three Faces Of Asian Hero: Commemorating Koxinga in Contemporary China, Taiwan, and Japan. C. Shei (Ed.). Taiwan içinde (s. 157-182). Routledge.
- Wang, C. (2007). Interpretting Zheng Chenggong; The Politics Dramatizing A Historical Figure In Japan, China. Hawaii: Hawaii University.
- Wei, Y. (2014). Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages to the “West Oceans”. Education About ASIA, 19(2), 26-30.
- Yolaç, C. (2016). Herkes İçin Çin Tarihi Siyaset Kültür ve Medeniyet. Ankara: Krp Yayıncılık.
- Zheng, G. N. (1998). Zhong guo hai zei shi (中国海盗史) (Çin Korsanlık ve Deniz Haydutluğu Tarihi). Shanghai 上海: Huodong Ligong Daxue Chubanshe (货东理工大学出版社) (Doğu Politeknik Üniversitesi Yayınları).
- 清史稿-列传二百七十四 (Qing Shi Gao-Liezhuan Er Bai Qi Shi Si). (tarih yok). 中国哲学书电子化计划 (Zhongguo Zhexue Shu Dianzi Hua Jihua): https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=17784&searchu=%E9%83%91%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&remap=gb
- 清史稿-列传十一 (Qing Shi Gao-Lie Zhuan Shi Yi). (tarih yok). 中国哲学书电子化计划 (Zhongguo Zhexue Shu Dianzi Hua Jihua): https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=18566&remap=gb
- 馬光, M. G. (2020). Re-evaluating the Wokou Problem in East Asia During the 1220s. Journal Of Asian History, 54(2), 259-272.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Asian Cultural Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | SYL-2019-8619 kodlu, 8619 ID numaralı |
| Early Pub Date | June 23, 2024 |
| Publication Date | June 25, 2024 |
| Submission Date | August 24, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 64 Issue: 1 |
Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography
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