Research Article
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NEKROPOLİTİKA VE MODERNİTE: 'İMPARATORLUĞUN KİRLİ İŞLERİNİ' HEART OF DARKNESS, A PASSAGE TO INDIA VE BURMESE DAYS ARACILIĞIYLA DEŞİFRE ETMEK

Year 2024, Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 1132 - 1152
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2024.64.2.7

Abstract

Öz
Bu makale Joseph Conrad'ın Heart of Darkness (Karanlığın Yüreği), E.M. Forster'ın A Passage to India (Hindistana Bir Geçit) ve George Orwell'ın Burmese Days (Burma Günleri) adlı eserlerinde temsil edildiği şekliyle modernite, sömürgecilik ve nekropolitik arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu modernist metinler yalnızca sömürgeci ideolojilerin meşrulaştırdığı insanlıktan çıkarma ve sistematik imhayı eleştirmekle kalmıyor, aynı zamanda sömürgeci iktidarın yaşamı ve ölümü yönetmek için nekropolitik stratejileri kullanma biçimlerini de vurguluyor. Achille Mbembe'nin nekropolitik kavramını ve Michel Foucault'nun biyo-iktidar teorisini birleştirerek, bu çalışma, sömürge rejimlerinin temelini oluşturan ve bu rejimlere meydan okuyan ırksal ve egemen dinamikleri ortaya koyar. Çalışma, modernizm ile sömürgecilik tarihi arasındaki ilişkiyi ele alarak, modernist anlatıların sömürgeci gündeme duyulan inanç krizini nasıl yansıttığını ve imparatorlukların sosyo-politik yapısını şekillendiren Aydınlanma ideallerini nasıl öne çıkardığını tartışır. Bu anlatılar, emperyal mantığın parçalanmış ve belirsiz epistemolojik temellerini vurgulayarak, sömürgeci ve sömürgeleştirilen arasındaki ikileme eleştirel bir bakış açısı sunuyor. Conrad, Forster ve Orwell'in incelenmesi, sömürgeciliğin şiddeti ve boyun eğdirmeyi nasıl meşrulaştırdığını araştırarak, sömürgeci hâkimiyetten kaynaklanan etik ve psikolojik kargaşaya odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, sömürgeci güçlerin kimin yaşayıp kimin öleceğine karar vererek nasıl nekropolitik kontrol uyguladıklarını ortaya koymaktadır; bu kontrol, fiziksel hâkimiyetin ötesine geçerek zihinlerin psikolojik olarak sömürgeleştirilmesine kadar uzanmakta ve sömürgeci hegemonyayı sürdürmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu makale, modernist metinlerin sömürgeci nekropolitiği nasıl sorguladığını ve sömürge rejimlerini sürdürmek için gerekli olan ırksal önyargıları ve biyopolitik stratejileri nasıl ifşa ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu metinler, sömürgeciliğin ırk, egemenlik ve direnişe dair çağdaş anlayışlar üzerindeki kalıcı etkilerine dair derin kavrayışlar sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo sacer: Sovereign power and bare life (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
  • Conrad, J. (2007). Heart of darkness. Penguin Classics.
  • Das, S. (2009). E. M. Forster. In A. Poole (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to English novelists (pp. 345-360). Cambridge University Press.
  • Dolin, K. (1994). Freedom, uncertainty, and diversity: A Passage to India as a critique of imperialist law. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 36(3), 328-352. JSTOR.
  • Fanon, F. (2008). The fact of blackness. In Black skin, white masks. Pluto Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76 (M. Bertani & A. Fontana, Eds.). Picador.
  • Forster, E. M. (1989). A passage to India. Penguin.
  • Gasiorek, A. (2015). A history of modernist literature. John Wiley & Sons Incorporated.
  • Hampson, R. (2009). Joseph Conrad. In A. Poole (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to English novelists (pp. 270-308). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hume, K. J. (2009). Time and the dialectics of life and death in ‘Heart of darkness.’ The Conradian, 34(2), 64-74. Joseph Conrad Society UK. JSTOR.
  • Jameson, F. (2016). Modernism and imperialism. In The modernist papers (pp. 152- 169). Verso. JanMohamed, A. R. (1995). The economy of Manichean allegory. In B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, & H. Tiffin (Eds.). The post-colonial studies reader (pp. 18-23). Routledge.
  • Lazzarato, M. (2002). From biopower to biopolitics. Pli, 13, 112-125.
  • Loomba, A. (2005). Colonialism/postcolonialism. Routledge.
  • Lopez, I. F. H. (1996). The social construction of race. In J. Rivkin (Ed.), Literary theory: An anthology (pp. 964-974). Blackwell Publishers.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. Public Culture, 15(1), 11-40. Duke University Press. Project Muse. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/39984
  • Mbembe, A. (2021). Out of the dark night: Essays on decolonization. Columbia University Press.
  • Meyers, J. (1971). The politics of A Passage to India. Journal of Modern Literature, 1(3), 329-338.
  • Murray, A. (2009). Changes in the canon. In P. Tew & A. Murray (Eds.). The modernism handbook (pp. 158-169). Continuum.
  • Orwell, G. (2001). Burmese days. Penguin Classics.
  • Özmakas, U. (2018). Biyopolitika: İktidar ve direniş; Foucault, Agamben, Hardt-Negri. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Povinelli, E. A. (2021). The inheritance: Poetics of First Nations futures. Duke University Press.
  • Wimuttikosol, S. (2009). Colonialism and patriarchy: Interwoven powers in Burmese days' interwoven plots. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 12(4), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01204002
  • Wolfe, P. (2016). Traces of history: Elementary structures of race. Verso.

NECROPOLITICS AND MODERNITY: UNVEILING THE ‘EMPIRE’S DIRTY WORK’ IN HEART OF DARKNESS, A PASSAGE TO INDIA AND BURMESE DAYS

Year 2024, Volume: 64 Issue: 2, 1132 - 1152
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2024.64.2.7

Abstract

Abstract

This article examines the complex interplay between modernity, colonialism, and necropolitics as represented in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, A Passage to India by E.M. Forster, and Burmese Days by George Orwell. These modernist texts not only critique the dehumanization and systemic extermination justified by colonial ideologies but also highlight the ways in which colonial power uses necropolitical strategies to govern life and death. By integrating Achille Mbembe's concept of necropolitics with Michel Foucault's theory of biopower, this analysis elucidates the racial and sovereign dynamics that both underpin and challenge colonial regimes. The paper contextualizes the relationship between modernism and colonial history, highlighting how modernist narratives reflect a crisis in the colonial agenda and embody Enlightenment ideals that have shaped the socio-political landscape of empires. These narratives offer a critical view of the dichotomy between the colonizer and the colonized, emphasizing the fractured and uncertain epistemological underpinnings of imperial logic. The examination of Conrad, Forster, and Orwell focuses on the ethical and psychological turmoil from colonial dominance, probing how colonialism justifies violence and subjugation. The study reveals how colonial powers exert necropolitical control, deciding who lives and who dies—a control that extends beyond physical dominance to the psychological colonization of minds, perpetuating colonial hegemony. Ultimately, this paper shows how modernist texts critique colonial necropolitics and expose the racial prejudices and biopolitical strategies essential for maintaining colonial regimes. These texts provide profound insights into the lasting impacts of colonialism on contemporary understandings of race, sovereignty, and resistance.

References

  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo sacer: Sovereign power and bare life (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
  • Conrad, J. (2007). Heart of darkness. Penguin Classics.
  • Das, S. (2009). E. M. Forster. In A. Poole (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to English novelists (pp. 345-360). Cambridge University Press.
  • Dolin, K. (1994). Freedom, uncertainty, and diversity: A Passage to India as a critique of imperialist law. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 36(3), 328-352. JSTOR.
  • Fanon, F. (2008). The fact of blackness. In Black skin, white masks. Pluto Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76 (M. Bertani & A. Fontana, Eds.). Picador.
  • Forster, E. M. (1989). A passage to India. Penguin.
  • Gasiorek, A. (2015). A history of modernist literature. John Wiley & Sons Incorporated.
  • Hampson, R. (2009). Joseph Conrad. In A. Poole (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to English novelists (pp. 270-308). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hume, K. J. (2009). Time and the dialectics of life and death in ‘Heart of darkness.’ The Conradian, 34(2), 64-74. Joseph Conrad Society UK. JSTOR.
  • Jameson, F. (2016). Modernism and imperialism. In The modernist papers (pp. 152- 169). Verso. JanMohamed, A. R. (1995). The economy of Manichean allegory. In B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, & H. Tiffin (Eds.). The post-colonial studies reader (pp. 18-23). Routledge.
  • Lazzarato, M. (2002). From biopower to biopolitics. Pli, 13, 112-125.
  • Loomba, A. (2005). Colonialism/postcolonialism. Routledge.
  • Lopez, I. F. H. (1996). The social construction of race. In J. Rivkin (Ed.), Literary theory: An anthology (pp. 964-974). Blackwell Publishers.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. Public Culture, 15(1), 11-40. Duke University Press. Project Muse. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/39984
  • Mbembe, A. (2021). Out of the dark night: Essays on decolonization. Columbia University Press.
  • Meyers, J. (1971). The politics of A Passage to India. Journal of Modern Literature, 1(3), 329-338.
  • Murray, A. (2009). Changes in the canon. In P. Tew & A. Murray (Eds.). The modernism handbook (pp. 158-169). Continuum.
  • Orwell, G. (2001). Burmese days. Penguin Classics.
  • Özmakas, U. (2018). Biyopolitika: İktidar ve direniş; Foucault, Agamben, Hardt-Negri. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Povinelli, E. A. (2021). The inheritance: Poetics of First Nations futures. Duke University Press.
  • Wimuttikosol, S. (2009). Colonialism and patriarchy: Interwoven powers in Burmese days' interwoven plots. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 12(4), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01204002
  • Wolfe, P. (2016). Traces of history: Elementary structures of race. Verso.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İsmail Kaygısız 0000-0002-1841-6501

Ayşegül Demir 0000-0002-0411-4561

Early Pub Date December 18, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date May 27, 2024
Acceptance Date August 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 64 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaygısız, İ., & Demir, A. (2024). NECROPOLITICS AND MODERNITY: UNVEILING THE ‘EMPIRE’S DIRTY WORK’ IN HEART OF DARKNESS, A PASSAGE TO INDIA AND BURMESE DAYS. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 64(2), 1132-1152. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2024.64.2.7

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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