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The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 13 - 25, 30.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1460076

Abstract

The bolted fasteners, widely used in various industries, are the fundamental structural components most commonly used in the assembly of steel structures. Bolted fasteners offer advantages such as versatility, reliability, minimal maintenance and inspection costs, easy and fast assembly, and good strength under variable loads. However, fastener failures occur due to complex loading conditions, hydrogen embrittlement during fabrication or service, fatigue failures due to alternative stress, and combined effects of corrosion and stress. Therefore, the study of fastener failure is critical for safety in both every day and industrial applications. Zinc plating has long been a preferred method of protecting fasteners from corrosive environments. One of the most commonly used methods for coating fasteners today is the centrifugal hot dip galvanising (SHDG) process. SHDG is suitable for outdoor applications on small metal parts (bolts, nuts, washers) that cannot be hot dip galvanised. Centrifugation removes all excess zinc from the threads of bolts. Oversized nuts fit perfectly on very small parts. In this study, nut samples coated with SHDG were exposed to corrosion in a corrosive environment according to ASTM B117 standards. At the end of thirteen (13) days, the outer surface of the nut attached to the screw was cut and the screw steps were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the zinc coating on the surface produced by the SHDG process is effective in protecting the metal nuts against corrosion. The zinc patina begins its development with exposure to oxygen in the atmosphere, forming a layer of zinc oxide on the surface. Moisture from rain or humid air reacts with the zinc oxide to form zinc hydroxide which then reacts with carbon dioxide present in the air to form the tightly adherent, insoluble zinc patina.

References

  • [1] H. Gerengi, “Anticorrosive Properties of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit Juice on 7075 Type Aluminum Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 51, no. 39, pp. 12835–12843, 2012.
  • [2] H. Gerengi and H. İ. Uğraş, “Patent Studies on Using Cationic Boron Doped Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitor,” NWSA Academic Journals, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 53–65, 2017.
  • [3] H. Kania, “Corrosion and Anticorrosion of Alloys/Metals: The Important Global Issue,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 216, 2023.
  • [4] M. M. Solomon, H. Gerengi, T. Kaya, and S. A. Umoren, “Performance Evaluation of a Chitosan/Silver Nanoparticles Composite on St37 Steel Corrosion in a 15% HCl Solution,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 809–820, 2017.
  • [5] D. Dwivedi, K. Lepková, and T. Becker, “Carbon Steel Corrosion: A Review of Key Surface Properties and Characterization Methods,” RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 4580–4610, 2017.
  • [6] Y. Liu, H. Gao, H. Wang, X. Tao, and W. Zhou, “Study on The Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip Galvanized Steel in Simulated Industrial Atmospheric Environments,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 100445, 2024.
  • [7] R. Sa-nguanmoo, E. Nisaratanaporn, and Y. Boonyongmaneerat, “Hot-dip Galvanization with Pulse-electrodeposited Nickel Pre-coatings,” Corrosion Science, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 122–126, 2011.
  • [8] M. Maraşlı, K. Dikmen, V. Özdal, V. Akmaz, and H. Gerengi, “Investigation of The Corrosion Behavior of Hot Dip Galvanized (HDG) St37 Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution,” in 8th International Congress On Engineering, Architecture And Design, Istanbul, 2021, pp. 681–690.
  • [9] S. M. A. Shibli, B. N. Meena, and R. Remya, “A Review on Recent Approaches in the field of Hot Dip Zinc Galvanizing Process,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 262, pp. 210–215, 2015.
  • [10] H. Gerengi, M. M. Solomon, M. Maraslı, and B. B. Kohen, “A comparative analysis of The Corrosion Characteristics of Electro-galvanized Steel Coated with Epoxy Zinc-free and Zinc-rich Coatings in 5% NaCl,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, vol. 37, no. 20, pp. 2795–2806, 2023.
  • [11] H. Gerengi, M. Maraşlı, M. Rizvi, B. Kohen, and I. Taşkıran, “Protection of Steel Hooks Embedded in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete against Macrocell Corrosion,” Petroleum Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 317–326, 2024.
  • [12] K. Zhang, R. Song, and Y. Gao, “Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip Galvanized Advanced High Strength Steel Sheet in a Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1488–1499, 2019.
  • [13] E. F. Daniel, C. Wang, C. Li, J. Dong, I. I. Udoh, D. Zhang, W. Zhong, and S. Zhong, “Evolution of Corrosion Degradation in Galvanised Steel Bolts Exposed to a Tropical Marine Environment,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 27, pp. 5177–5190, 2023.

Santrifüjlü Sıcak Daldırma Galvaniz (SHDG) İşleminin Somunlar Üzerindeki Korozyona Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 13 - 25, 30.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1460076

Abstract

Çeşitli endüstrilerde yaygın olarak kullanılan cıvatalı bağlantı elemanları, çelik yapıların montajında en yaygın olarak kullanılan temel yapısal bileşenlerdir. Cıvatalı bağlantı elemanları çok yönlülük, güvenilirlik, minimum bakım ve denetim maliyeti, kolay ve hızlı montaj ve değişken yükler altında iyi mukavemet gibi avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bağlantı elemanı arızaları karmaşık yükleme koşulları, imalat veya servis sırasında hidrojen gevrekleşmesi, alternatif stres nedeniyle yorulma arızaları ve korozyon ve stresin birleşik etkileri nedeniyle meydana gelmektedir. Bu nedenle, bağlantı elemanı arızalarının incelenmesi hem günlük hem de endüstriyel uygulamalarda güvenlik açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Çinko kaplama, bağlantı elemanlarını korozif ortamlardan korumak için uzun zamandır tercih edilen bir yöntemdir. Günümüzde bağlantı elemanlarının kaplanmasında en yaygın kullanılan yöntemlerden biri santrifüj sıcak daldırma galvanizleme (SHDG) işlemidir. SHDG, sıcak daldırma ile galvanizlenemeyen küçük metal parçalar (cıvatalar, somunlar, pullar) üzerindeki dış mekan uygulamaları için uygundur. Santrifüjleme, cıvataların dişlerindeki tüm fazla çinkoyu giderir. Büyük boyutlu somunlar çok küçük parçalara mükemmel uyum sağlar. Bu çalışmada, SHDG ile kaplanmış somun numuneleri ASTM B117 standartlarına göre korozif bir ortamda korozyona maruz bırakılmıştır. On üç (13) günün sonunda vidaya bağlı somunun dış yüzeyi kesilmiş ve vida basamakları taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve enerji dağılımlı X-ışını spektrometresi (EDS) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, SHDG işlemiyle üretilen yüzeydeki çinko kaplamanın metal somunları korozyona karşı korumada etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Çinko patina, atmosferdeki oksijene maruz kaldığında gelişmeye başlar ve yüzeyde bir çinko oksit tabakası oluşturur. Yağmurdan veya nemli havadan gelen nem çinko oksit ile reaksiyona girerek çinko hidroksit oluşturur ve bu da havada bulunan karbondioksit ile reaksiyona girerek sıkıca yapışan, çözünmeyen çinko patinayı oluşturur.

References

  • [1] H. Gerengi, “Anticorrosive Properties of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit Juice on 7075 Type Aluminum Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 51, no. 39, pp. 12835–12843, 2012.
  • [2] H. Gerengi and H. İ. Uğraş, “Patent Studies on Using Cationic Boron Doped Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitor,” NWSA Academic Journals, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 53–65, 2017.
  • [3] H. Kania, “Corrosion and Anticorrosion of Alloys/Metals: The Important Global Issue,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 216, 2023.
  • [4] M. M. Solomon, H. Gerengi, T. Kaya, and S. A. Umoren, “Performance Evaluation of a Chitosan/Silver Nanoparticles Composite on St37 Steel Corrosion in a 15% HCl Solution,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 809–820, 2017.
  • [5] D. Dwivedi, K. Lepková, and T. Becker, “Carbon Steel Corrosion: A Review of Key Surface Properties and Characterization Methods,” RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 4580–4610, 2017.
  • [6] Y. Liu, H. Gao, H. Wang, X. Tao, and W. Zhou, “Study on The Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip Galvanized Steel in Simulated Industrial Atmospheric Environments,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 100445, 2024.
  • [7] R. Sa-nguanmoo, E. Nisaratanaporn, and Y. Boonyongmaneerat, “Hot-dip Galvanization with Pulse-electrodeposited Nickel Pre-coatings,” Corrosion Science, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 122–126, 2011.
  • [8] M. Maraşlı, K. Dikmen, V. Özdal, V. Akmaz, and H. Gerengi, “Investigation of The Corrosion Behavior of Hot Dip Galvanized (HDG) St37 Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution,” in 8th International Congress On Engineering, Architecture And Design, Istanbul, 2021, pp. 681–690.
  • [9] S. M. A. Shibli, B. N. Meena, and R. Remya, “A Review on Recent Approaches in the field of Hot Dip Zinc Galvanizing Process,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 262, pp. 210–215, 2015.
  • [10] H. Gerengi, M. M. Solomon, M. Maraslı, and B. B. Kohen, “A comparative analysis of The Corrosion Characteristics of Electro-galvanized Steel Coated with Epoxy Zinc-free and Zinc-rich Coatings in 5% NaCl,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, vol. 37, no. 20, pp. 2795–2806, 2023.
  • [11] H. Gerengi, M. Maraşlı, M. Rizvi, B. Kohen, and I. Taşkıran, “Protection of Steel Hooks Embedded in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete against Macrocell Corrosion,” Petroleum Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 317–326, 2024.
  • [12] K. Zhang, R. Song, and Y. Gao, “Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip Galvanized Advanced High Strength Steel Sheet in a Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment,” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1488–1499, 2019.
  • [13] E. F. Daniel, C. Wang, C. Li, J. Dong, I. I. Udoh, D. Zhang, W. Zhong, and S. Zhong, “Evolution of Corrosion Degradation in Galvanised Steel Bolts Exposed to a Tropical Marine Environment,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 27, pp. 5177–5190, 2023.
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hüsnü Gerengi 0000-0002-9663-4264

Muhammed Maraşlı 0000-0003-2684-1003

Mesut Yıldız 0000-0001-6964-6705

Kader Coskun 0000-0002-2715-9041

Yusuf Güner 0000-0003-1786-5599

Beyza Aşıkoğlu 0009-0004-9419-9897

Publication Date January 30, 2025
Submission Date March 29, 2024
Acceptance Date July 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gerengi, H., Maraşlı, M., Yıldız, M., Coskun, K., et al. (2025). The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1460076
AMA Gerengi H, Maraşlı M, Yıldız M, Coskun K, Güner Y, Aşıkoğlu B. The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts. DUBİTED. January 2025;13(1):13-25. doi:10.29130/dubited.1460076
Chicago Gerengi, Hüsnü, Muhammed Maraşlı, Mesut Yıldız, Kader Coskun, Yusuf Güner, and Beyza Aşıkoğlu. “The Effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (January 2025): 13-25. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1460076.
EndNote Gerengi H, Maraşlı M, Yıldız M, Coskun K, Güner Y, Aşıkoğlu B (January 1, 2025) The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13 1 13–25.
IEEE H. Gerengi, M. Maraşlı, M. Yıldız, K. Coskun, Y. Güner, and B. Aşıkoğlu, “The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts”, DUBİTED, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13–25, 2025, doi: 10.29130/dubited.1460076.
ISNAD Gerengi, Hüsnü et al. “The Effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13/1 (January 2025), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1460076.
JAMA Gerengi H, Maraşlı M, Yıldız M, Coskun K, Güner Y, Aşıkoğlu B. The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts. DUBİTED. 2025;13:13–25.
MLA Gerengi, Hüsnü et al. “The Effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 1, 2025, pp. 13-25, doi:10.29130/dubited.1460076.
Vancouver Gerengi H, Maraşlı M, Yıldız M, Coskun K, Güner Y, Aşıkoğlu B. The effect of Centrifuged Hot-Dip Galvanisation (SHDG) Process on the Corrosion on Nuts. DUBİTED. 2025;13(1):13-25.