• All articles sent to Düzce University Journal of Technical Sciences for evaluation must be submitted in accordance with the writing template and the rules written here. Articles that do not comply with this will be returned to the author for re-editing.
• The header and article information sections should not be tampered with.
• Cambria font must be used throughout the article.
• The title of the article should be Cambria, 12 point, italic and no more than 20 words.
• The abstract should be a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 200 words and should be prepared in Cambria, 10 point font.
• Keywords should be a maximum of 5, listed alphabetically and written in Cambria 10 point italics.
• In the studies carried out, do not leave a space with the enter key when creating a line break or paragraph initiation within the text.
• Figures should be numbered and figure titles should be centered below the figure. Figure titles should be in Cambria 8 point font.
• Tables should be numbered and table titles should be centered above the table. Table titles should be in Cambria 8 point font.
• Page numbers, headers and footers should not be used.
• The title of the References section should not be numbered. All reference elements should be 8 point font. Please use Regular and Italic styles to distinguish different fields as shown in the References section. List the reference elements alphabetically, one after the other.
• The journal uses APA 7 style bibliography. Author(s) should observe the following APA 7 format:

IN-TEXT CITATION FORMATS

1- If There is One or Two Authors

Aslan, S., & Deniz, F. N. (2022). Teamwork efficiency: A new modelling approach: Yeni bir modelleme yaklaşımı. Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 110-125.
Yılmaz, E. B. (2024). Liderlik stillerinin örgütsel bağlılığa etkisi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 50-65.
References written within the same parentheses in the text are listed alphabetically and separated from each other by a semicolon (;). Additionally, the ampersand (&) symbol is used in parentheses within the text, and the conjunction ‘and/ve’ is used in narrative citations.
• Parenthetical citation: (Aslan & Deniz, 2022; Yılmaz, 2024).
• Narrative citation: Aslan and Deniz (2022),…; Yılmaz (2024),…
• Narrative citation: in 2022, Aslan and Deniz,….; in 2024, Yılmaz,…

2- Citing Works by the Same Author and Year
a- If it is done in the same year and by the same author
Yılmaz, Z. (2025a). Aktif öğrenme metotlarının sınıf içi dinamiklere etkisi. Eğitim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 15(2), 40-55.
Yılmaz, Z. (2025b). Yetişkin eğitimi programlarında dijital araçların entegrasyonu. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(4), 110-125.
• Parenthetical citation: (Yılmaz, 2025a, 2025b).
• Narrative citation: Yılmaz (2024a),…; Yılmaz (2024b),…

b- If it is done in the same year and by the same two authors
Akıncı, B., & Yılmaz, C. (2024a). Eğitimde teknolojinin artan rolü. Eğitim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 15(3), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.9876/ecb.2023.10.1.15
Akıncı, B., & Yılmaz, C. (2024b). An analysis of university students' motivation levels. Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 112-128.
• Parenthetical citation: (Akıncı & Yılmaz, 2024a, 2024b).
• Narrative citation: Akıncı and Yılmaz (2024a),…; Akıncı and Yılmaz (2024b),…

c- If it is done in the same year and by the same three authors
Demir, E., Kaya, M., & Şahin, P. (2023a). İklim değişikliğinin tarım ürünleri üzerindeki etkileri. Ekoloji ve Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 15-30.
Demir, E., Kaya, M., & Şahin, P. (2023b). Su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir yönetimine yönelik yeni yaklaşımlar. Uluslararası Su Politikaları Dergisi, 5(2), 88-105.
• Parenthetical citation: (Demir et al., 2023a, 2023b).
• Narrative citation: Demir et al. (2023a),…; Demir et al. (2023b),…

d- If the first 3 authors are the same and the others are different
Kara, E. E., Ak, M., Yıldız, S., Deniz, K., & Güneş, F. (2024). Farklı modelleme stratejilerinin karşılaştırılması: yeni bir alanın metodolojik keşfi. Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 40-55.
Kara, E. E., Ak, M., Yıldız, S., Uzun, H., & Ay, L. (2024). Uygulamalı alanlarda modelleme çeşitliliği: yöntemsel yaklaşımların etki analizi. Araştırma Yöntemleri Dergisi, 5(2), 112-130.
• Parenthetical citation: (Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Deniz, et al., 2024; Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Uzun, et al., 2024).
• Narrative citation: Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Deniz et al. (2024),…; Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Uzun et al. (2024),…
• Narrative citation: in 2024, Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Deniz et al.,…; in 2024, Kara, Ak, Yıldız, Uzun et al.,…

3- Citing Works That Shorten to the Same “et al.” form
Can, A., Ateş, G., & Sönmez, L. (2025). The impact of social media platforms on young people. Medya Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 12-25.
Can, A., Deniz, P., & Güneş, E. (2025). The development of digital literacy skills. Teknoloji ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(2), 40-55.
• Parenthetical citation: (Can, Ateş, et al., 2025; Can, Deniz, et al., 2025).
• Narrative citation: Can, Ateş, et al. (2025),…; Can, Deniz, et al. (2025),…
• Narrative citation: in 2025, Can, Ateş et al.…; in 2025,… Can, Deniz et al.,…

Articles with three or more authors who share the same surname and were published in the same year should be cited as ‘et al., year’ after the second author's surname to avoid confusion when abbreviated as ‘(Can et al., 2025)’ within the text.

4- Citing Authors with the Same Surname But Different First Names
Yılmaz, A. (2024). Psikolojik dayanıklılık ve akademik başarı ilişkisi. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 45-60.
Yılmaz, M. (2024). Yeni nesil öğrenme teknikleri üzerine deneysel bir çalışma. Öğretim Teknolojileri, 5(1), 10-25.
• Parenthetical citation: (A. Yılmaz, 2024; M. Yılmaz, 2024).
• Narrative citation: A. Yılmaz (2024),…; M. Yılmaz (2024),…
• Narrative citation: in 2024, A. Yılmaz,…; in 2024, M. Yılmaz,…

ARTICLE BIBLIOGRAPHY WRITING

1- When There are 3 or More Authors
Öztürk, B., Kaya, D., & Arslan, M. (2021). Social media use and its impact on academic performance among university students. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1234/jeto.2021.0045
• Parenthetical citation: (Öztürk et al., 2021).
• Narrative citation: Öztürk et al. (2021),…
• Narrative citation: in 2021, Öztürk et al.,…
According to APA 7th edition, when there are 3 or more authors, all authors are listed in full. The symbol (&) is placed before the last author. If there are more than 21 authors, the names of the first 19 authors are listed. After the 19th author's name, (…) is placed, and the last author's name is added at the end of the list. “&” is not used before the last author. If the article has 20 authors, all authors are listed, and an ampersand (&) is placed before the last author.

Aktaş, M., Uysal, D., Smith, A., Narinoğlu, O., Bilgin, C., Jones, D., Dinç, M., Güner, E., Williams, J., Brown, G., Kara, E. E., Çıtır, B., Aslan, S., Aslan, A., Yeşilyurt, Ö., Güneş, F., Erkaya, M., Rençber, N., Oğuz, R.,…, Zengin, H. (2024). Artificial intelligence and learning algorithms in large-scale data sets. Journal of Computer Sciences, 30(4), 1120–1145.
• Parenthetical citation: (Aktaş et al., 2024).
• Narrative citation: Aktaş et al. (2024),…
• Narrative citation: in 2024, Aktaş et al.,…

2- Citing an Article with an Article Number
Aslan, L., & Demir, R. (2020). Using television series as a tool in medical education: A pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), Article 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02000-5
• Parenthetical citation: (Aslan & Demir, 2020).
• Narrative citation: Aslan and Demir (2020),…
• Narrative citation: in 2020, Aslan and Demir,…

3- Magazine or Journal Article
Demir, A., & Yılmaz, N. (2022, July 5). Climate change reshapes migration patterns in Europe. Nature, 607(7918), 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01999-1
Kara, S. (2021, March 12). Artificial intelligence in daily life: Opportunities and risks. The Guardian Weekly, 204(11), 14–15.
Öztürk, M. (2023, October 10). The rise of e-sports culture. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/archive/2023/10/the-rise-of-e-sports-culture
• Parenthetical citations: (Demir & Yılmaz, 2022; Kara, 2021; Öztürk, 2023).
• Narrative citations: Kara (2021),…; Demir and Yılmaz (2022),…; Öztürk (2023),…
• Narrative citations: in 2021, Kara…; in 2022, Demir and Yılmaz…; in 2023, Öztürk…

4- Citing articles written in other languages
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development. Journal of Technology and Society, 15(2), 45-60. [in Chinese].
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). The use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology. Journal of Applied Physics, 35(4), 112-128. [in Russian].
5- If you can transliterate the title of a work
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). Zhìnéng shǒujī duì értóng rènzhī fāzhǎn de yǐngxiǎng [The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development]. Kējì yǔ shèhuì [Technology and Society], 15(2), 45-60. [In Chinese].
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). Primeneniye nanomaterialov v aerokosmicheskoy tekhnike [The use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology]. Zhurnal prikladnoy fiziki [Journal of Applied Physics], 35(4), 112-128. [In Russian].
6- If you can’t transliterate the title of a work
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). 智能手机对儿童认知发展的影响 [The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development]. 科技与社会 [Technology and Society], 15(2), 45-60.
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). Применение наноматериалов в аэрокосмической технике [the use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology]. Журнал прикладной физики [Journal of Applied Physics], 35(4), 112-128.
• Parenthetical citations: (Li & Chen, 2023; Petrova & Smirnov, 2024).
• Narrative citations: Li and Chen (2023),…; Petrova and Smirnov (2024),…
• Narrative citations: in 2023, Li and Chen,…; in 2024, Petrova and Smirnov,…

7- Missing volume number
Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission, (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf
8- Missing issue number
Bosco, G., Rizzato, A., Moon, R. E., & Camporesi, E. M. (2018). Environmental physiology and diving medicine. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00072
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038
9- Missing page or article number
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
• Parenthetical citations: (Bosco et al., 2018; Butler, 2017; Lipscomb, 2021; Sanchiz et al., 2017).
• Narrative citations: Bosco et al. (2018),…; Butler (2017),…; Lipscomb (2021),…; Sanchiz et al. (2017),…

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE REFERENCES

1- Writing Bibliographies for Articles Published in Newspapers
Aksoy, E. (2022, February 7). İstanbul’da toplu taşıma kullanımında rekor artış. Sabah, 5.
Roberts, S. (2018, November 20). Advances in gene editing raise ethical questions. The New York Times, A3.
Yılmaz, H. (2021, May 14). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları hızla artıyor. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/turkiyede-yenilenebilir-enerji-yatirimlari-41812345
• Parenthetical citations: (Aksoy, 2022; Roberts, 2018; Yılmaz, 2021)
• Narrative citations: Aksoy (2022),…, Roberts (2018),…, Yılmaz (2021),…
• Narrative citations: in 2022, Aksoy,…; in 2018, Roberts,…; in 2021, Yılmaz,…

2- Citing Comments on Articles Published in Online Newspapers
elifk. (2021, June 12). Belki de şehirlerdeki trafik sorununun çözümü toplu taşımayı daha cazip hale getirmekten geçiyordur [Comment on the article “How cities can fight traffic congestion”]. The Guardian. https://bit.ly/3xyCity
• Parenthetical citation: elifk (2021).
• Narrative citation: elifk (2021),…

BOOK REFERENCES

1- Book and Edited Book
Jacks, L. M. (2009). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1073/0000175-000
Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.
Sapoky, R. M. (2007). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
Sven, S., & Leber, L. (Eds.). (2000). The big picture/Academic writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. https://thebigpicture-acadewriting.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
• Parenthetical citations: (Jacks, 2009; Kesharwani, 2020; Sapoky, 2007; Sven & Leber, 2000).
• Narrative citations: Jacks (2009),…; Kesharwani (2020); Sapoky (2007),…; Sven and Leber (2000),…
• Narrative citations: in 2009, Jacks,…; in 2020, Kesharwani,…; in 2007, Sapoky,…; in 2000, Sven and Leber,…

2- Book Chapter
Aron, L., Yıldız, A., & Demir, S. (2021). Digital literacy and its role in higher education. In T. Kaya & B. Öztürk (Eds.), Innovations in educational technology: Global perspectives (pp. 201–219). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67890-1_12
Kara, M. (2022). Leadership and motivation in organizational settings. In R. Çelik & H. Aksoy (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to management research (2nd ed., pp. 75–93). Routledge.
Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform, to communicate, to play—The experimenting community in action. In E. Hygum & P. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192
• Parenthetical citation: (Aron et al., 2021; Kara, 2022; Thestrup, 2010).
• Narrative citation: Aron et al. (2021),…; Kara (2022),…; Thestrup (2010),…
• Narrative citation: in 2021, Aron et al.,…; in 2022, Kara,…; in 2010, Thestrup,…

3- Multi-volume sources
Hars, B. Y., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2019). APA educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3). American Psychological Association.
• Parenthetical citation: (Hars et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Hars et al. (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Hars et al.,…

4- Conference Presentation
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video
• Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Evans et al. (2019),…

5- Abstract of a conference presentation
Cacioppo, S. (2019, April 25–28). Evolutionary theory of social connections: Past, present, and future [Conference presentation abstract]. Ninety-ninth annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Pasadena, CA, United States. https://westernpsych.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/WPA-Program-2019-Final-2.pdf
• Parenthetical citation: (Cacioppo, 2019).
• Narrative citation: Cacioppo (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Cacioppo,…

6- Conference Proceedings Published in a Journal
Duckworth, A. L., Demir, H., Gallop, R., Yıldız, A., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (2009). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 2348874504. https://doi.org/10.1082/pnas.1565698116
• Parenthetical citation: (Duckworth et al., 2009).
• Narrative citation: Duckworth et al. (2009),…
• Narrative citation: in 2009, Duckworth et al.,…

7- Conference Proceedings Published as a Whole Book
Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9
• Parenthetical citation: (Kushilevitz & Malkin, 2016).
• Narrative citation: Kushilevitz and Malkin (2016),…

8- Conference Proceedings Published as a Book Chapter
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21
• Parenthetical citation: (Bedenel et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Bedenel et al. (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Bedenel et al.,…

DISSERTATION OR THESIS REFERENCES

1- Published Dissertation or Thesis References
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
• Parenthetical citations: (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016).
• Narrative citations: Kabir (2016),… Miranda (2019),… Zambrano-Vazquez (2019),…
• Narrative citations: in 2016, Kabir,…; in 2019, Miranda,…; in 2019, Zambrano-Vazquez,…

2- Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.
• Parenthetical citation: (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation: Harris (2014),…
• Narrative citation: in 2014, Harris,…
When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
- In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
- The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
- If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the “published dissertation or thesis reference” examples.

ISO STANDARD REFERENCES

International Organization for Standardization. (2018). Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use (ISO Standard No. 45001:2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Occupational health and environmental control: Occupational noise exposure (OSHA Standard No. 1910.95). United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95
• Parenthetical citations: (International Organization for Standardization, 2018; Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1970).
• Narrative citations: International Organization for Standardization (2018),…; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970),…
- For most standards, the author will be the organization setting the standard.
- Provide the standard number in parentheses after the title without italics.

A REFERENCE TO A REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY REFERENCES

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf
• Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
• Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, National Cancer Institute,…

WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE REFERENCES

1- Webpage on a website with an individual author
Mantel, B. (2025, April 24). How to be a caregiver for someone with multiple sclerosis. AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/health/info-2025/multiple-sclerosis-care-plan/
Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/
• Parenthetical citations: (Mantel, 2025; Schaeffer, 2021).
• Narrative citations: Mantel (2025),…; Schaeffer (2021),…
- When individual author(s) are credited on the webpage, list them as the author in the reference.
- Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
- Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
- Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
- Italicize the title of the webpage.
- Provide the site name in the source element of the reference.
- End the reference with the URL.

2- Webpage on a website with a retrieval date
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)
• Narrative citation: U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.),…
- When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference. (n.d.: no date)

3- Webpage on a website with an organizational group author
World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
• Parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization, 2018)
• Narrative citation: World Health Organization (2018)
- For a page from an organization’s website without individual authors, use the name of the organization as the author.
- Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
- Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
- Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
- Italicize the title of the webpage.
- Because the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element to avoid repetition.
- End the reference with the URL.

CITING TRANSLATED WORKS

1- Journal article, republished in translation
Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood (J. Bliss & H. Furth, Trans.). Human Development, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225 (Original work published 1970).
• Parenthetical citation: (Piaget, 1970/1972)
• Narrative citation: Piaget (1970/1972)

2- Chapter in an edited book, republished in translation
Heidegger, M. (2008). On the essence of truth (J. Sallis, Trans.). In D. F. Krell (Ed.), Basic writings (pp. 111–138). Harper Perennial Modern Thought. (Original work published 1961)
• Parenthetical citation: (Heidegger, 1961/2008).
• Narrative citation: Heidegger (1961/2008).

3- Book, republished in translation
Coelho, P. (1993). The alchemist (A. R. Clarke, Trans.). HarperOne. (Original work published 1988).
• Parenthetical citation: (Coelho, 1988/1993).
• Narrative citation: Coelho (1988/1993).

4- Citing a work with the same translator and editor
Freud, S. (2010). Civilization and its discontents (J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published 1930).
• Parenthetical citation: (Freud, 1930/2010).
• Narrative citation: Freud (1930/2010).

DOI AND URL SHORTENERS

When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs if desired.
Use the shortDOI service provided by the International DOI Foundation to create shortDOIs. A work can have only one DOI and only one shortDOI; the shortDOI service will either produce a new shortDOI for a work that has never had one or retrieve an existing shortDOI.
Some websites provide their own branded shortened URLs, and independent URL shortening services are available as well. Any shortened URL is acceptable in a reference as long as you check the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location (https://tinyurl.com/; https://t.ly/).
Also See for Style and Grammar Guidlines: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines

• The Copyright Notice Form must be uploaded to the system along with the article. This form must be signed by all authors. Click here to access the Copyright Transfer and Author Declaration Form.
• All articles submitted for evaluation in our journal must have a similarity report obtained from intihal.net. Click for detailed information about the similarity report.

DUJTECH's publication policy is fundamentally guided by the impartial and respectful improvement and distribution of information. The implementation of this policy through specific processes directly influences the quality of submissions from authors and associated institutions.

DUJTECH, adheres to national and international standards in research and publication ethics. It complies with the Press Law, the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, and the Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive. DUJTECH has adopted the International Ethical Publishing Principles published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA). 

The ethical duties and responsibilities listed below are based on the guidelines and policies published as open access by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

A shared understanding of ethical standards among all participants in the publishing process—including authors, journal editors, reviewers, and agencies—is crucial. This consensus ensures that peer-reviewed articles, which are fundamental to developing scientific methods and a respected knowledge network, maintain their integrity.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Authorship and Contributorship of the Paper

The authors of a study should strictly be limited to those who made a major contribution to its conception, design, execution, or interpretation. Co-authors must be named for everyone who made a significant contribution to the work.

The corresponding author is responsible for two main tasks:

1. Adding all contributors to the article, correctly reflecting their respective contribution rates.

2. Reviewing, approving, and accepting the final version of the article for publication.

Contributorship is the underlying process that supports the authors in achieving the study's scientific results. There are diverse ways to contribute to an article. For example, you can contribute by being named a co-author, or you can contribute by assisting with a survey.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors: All authors are required to disclose any financial or other significant conflicts of interest that could be perceived as influencing their manuscript. These disclosures must be explicitly stated in the article information form. 

Reviewers: Our journal adheres to a double-blind peer review policy, so reviewers do not see the names of the authors. However, if a reviewer suspects any conflict of interest related to the article they are evaluating, they must withdraw from the review process by informing the editor. To prevent potential conflicts, individuals from the same institution as the article's authors cannot serve as reviewers for that article.

Editors: Editors must not have a conflict of interest with either the authors or the reviewers. If an editor has any financial or financial support related to the submitted article, this must be disclosed. Furthermore, if an editor submits their own article to the journal, they are excluded from the editorial process of their submission until its review is complete.

Journal Policies on Data Access, Sharing, and Reproducibility

The Düzce University Journal of Technical Sciences (DUJTECH) strongly encourages authors to provide supplemental information and data sets that support the findings presented in their manuscripts. Authors must inform the editor of any constraints they may be subject to when submitting a scientific manuscript.

DUJTECH invites authors to share and make their data publicly available, provided the data do not breach human rights or privacy concerns.

All data used in the work must be cited by the authors. Whether the cited data sets were developed by the author(s) or by others, they must be included in the paper's reference list.

Data Fabrication and Falsification

Data fabrication: This is about generating research findings.

Data falsification: Manipulating research data to give a false impression. This includes manipulating images (eg, micrographs, gels, radiological images), removing outliers or "inappropriate" results, changing, adding, or skipping data points, etc. are included. Technically the Image can be improved for the readability of the images. However, if there is such an improvement, the editor should be informed when the article is sent to the journal and the article should also be included.

Proper technical manipulation means adjusting the contrast and/or brightness or color balance if applied to the full digital image (not parts of the image).

Improper technical manipulation means darkening, enhancing, deleting an image, and/or adding new elements.

Duplicate / Multiple Submission(s)

The papers that are submitted for publication must be original and have never been published before. Authors are required to cite previous work if they have used their own previously submitted or published work as the basis for a submitted paper. They should also indicate how new contributions, in addition to previous work, are presented in their submitted manuscripts.

Intellectual Property

• Authors certify that their submitted manuscript (and any supporting items) are their own intellectual property, and the copyright has not been transferred to others.
• Authors attest that the paper complies with JSS authorship criteria and is free of plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, and manipulated citations.
• The author(s) retain ownership of all manuscripts, revisions, drafts, and galleys.
• All interactions, remarks, or reports from reviewers or editors will be kept confidential by authors, reviewers and editors.
• With the exception of the final published galley(s), reviewers and editors agree to keep all manuscripts, changes, and drafts confidential.

Correction, Retraction, Expression of Concern

• If editors minor errors in the published article that do not have an impact on the conclusions, interpretations, or outcomes, they may make adjustments.
• If there are significant mistakes or violations that make the findings and results invalid, the editors may retract the paper.
• Editors may issue a statement of concern if there is a possibility of abusive research or publication by the authors, if there is evidence that the findings are unreliable and the authors' institutions have not investigated the incident, or if the potential investigation seems unfair or inconclusive. The COPE guideline is taken into account with regard to the correction, retraction, and expression of concern.

Publication of Studies Based on Surveys and Interviews

Aiming to establish ethical assurance in scientific periodicals, DUJTECH journal adopts the principles of the "Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). In this scope, the following aspects should adhere to the studies submitted to the journal:
• Ethics committee approval should be obtained for research conducted in all the disciplines that require ethics committee approval, and this approval should be stated and documented in the article.
• For studies requiring ethics committee approval, information regarding the approval (name, date, and number of the committee) should be included in the Declarations Section at the end of the article.

The studies that require ethics committee approval are as follows:
• Any research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that requires collecting data from participants.
• Studies conducted on humans,
• Retrospective studies in accordance with the law on the protection of personal data,
Also;
• A statement confirming that an "informed consent form" has been received in case reports,
• Obtaining permission from the owners for the use of scales, surveys or photographs belonging to others,
• A statement confirming that copyright regulations are met for the intellectual and artistic works used.

Policy of Publishing Additional or Special Issues

A special issue can be published in our journal once a year upon the request of the Editorial Board. The publication processes of the articles sent to be included in the special issue are the same as the standard processes.

• Additional or Special issue: An issue published in addition to the regular issues of a periodically published journal. It may consist of conference papers or a series of articles focusing on a specific topic.
• Page numbering in the additional or special issue is different from the regular issues.
• The print run of the additional or special issue cannot be more than one-third of the regular issue. The special issues containing conference paper abstracts are not included in this scope.
• Ratios of case reports, compilations, and research articles (excluding conference paper abstracts) published in the additional or special issue will be included in the ratios of articles published in other issues.
• The issues published as a tribute are not accepted as additional or special issues. Their page numbering and organization are the same as the regular issues.

Actions that violate scientific research and publication ethics are as follows:

Plagiarism: Showing others' original ideas, methods, data, or works as their own work, partially or completely, without reference to scientific rules,

Forgery: Using data that does not actually exist or has been falsified in scientific research,

Distortion: Falsifying the research records or data obtained, displaying the equipment or materials not used in the research as if used, distorting or shaping the results of the research in the interests of the people and organizations that provide support,

Republishing: Presenting repetitive publications as separate publications in academic appointments and promotions,

Slicing: Dividing the results of research into pieces in an improper way or in a way that disrupts the integrity of the research and publishing each one separately to increase the total publication count for academic appointments and promotions, 

Unfair Authorship: Including non-contributors in the author list or not including those who have contributed, changing the author's order in an unjustified and inappropriate manner, removing the names of contributors from the work in subsequent editions, using influence to include names among the authors despite not being contributors.

Other ethical violations include:

a) Not specifying the supporting individuals, institutions, or organizations and their contributions in the publications made as a result of research conducted with support.
b) Using theses or studies that have not yet been submitted or have not been accepted as a source without the permission of the owner,
c) Sharing the information in a work that has been assigned for review with others before it is published without the explicit consent of the author,
d) Misusing resources, spaces, facilities, and equipment provided or allocated for scientific research,
e) Deliberately making a false and ungrounded allegation about the ethical violation,
f) Publishing the data obtained from surveys conducted as part of a scientific study without the explicit consent of the participants or without the permission of the relevant institution if the study is conducted in an institution,
g) Conducting research activities in violation of the related legislation or the provisions on research in the international conventions to which Turkey is a party,
h) Disregarding the obligation to inform and warn the relevant authorities about possible harmful practices related to scientific research.
ı) Not using the data and information obtained from other individuals or institutions in scientific studies to the extent and as permitted, not respecting the confidentiality of this information and not ensuring its protection,
i) Making false or misleading statements regarding scientific research and publications in academic appointments and promotions.

Ethical Guidelines for Authors

• Studies must be original and based on research.
• It must be ensured that all the persons mentioned as authors/co-authors have contributed to the article. It is against scientific ethics to show persons who have not made any academic contribution as additional authors or to rank the authors by non-scientific criteria such as title, age, and gender, regardless of the order of contribution.
• In the articles with multiple authors, it should be clearly stated to what extent the authors have contributed to which stage of the article.
• The article should not be sent to different journals at the same time and should not have been sent to another journal before. If it is found to have been sent to another journal, the publication process will be canceled.
• It is assumed that the authors who submit articles to the journal have read and accepted the publication and writing principles of the journal, and the authors are deemed to have committed to these principles.
• The citations and bibliography should be complete.
• Citation manipulation should not be used to increase the number of citations to a particular author's work or articles published in a particular journal.
• Plagiarism and fake data should be avoided.
• The similarity rate obtained as a result of the similarity checks should not exceed 20% without the bibliography in order to initiate the peer review process.
• An article may be included in a maximum of 2 PRE-REVIEW processes. The article will be rejected if the feedback conveyed to the author is not revised.
• The corresponding author must inform the journal editor in case of any conflict of interest.
• Authors are responsible for all content generated by AI tools. Please, review the AI Policy.

Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers

• Peer reviewers should be aware that they play a critical role in the academic quality of the article to be published in the journal, and they should engage in the peer review process with the responsibility of improving academic quality.
• Peer reviewers should only accept to review articles for which they have the expertise to make an appropriate assessment. They should also respect the confidentiality of the blind peer review process and keep the details of the article confidential at all costs.
• After the review process, any information about the reviewed article should not be shared with others under any circumstances.
• Peer reviewers should only evaluate the accuracy of the content of the articles and their compliance with academic criteria. Any difference of opinions between the article's argument and the peer reviewer should not affect the review process.
• Peer review reports should be objective and measurable. Libelous, derogatory, or accusatory expressions should definitely be avoided.
• Peer reviewers should avoid superficial or inaccurate statements in their peer review reports. In reviews with negative results, a complete justification should be presented on the aspects that led to the negative result.

Ethical Guidelines for Editors

DUJTECH, its editors adhere to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). It maintains its publication policy based on the principles of COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors and Publication Ethics Flowcharts developed by COPE.

• Editors should accept articles that will contribute to the relevant areas specified in the journal policy.
• Editors should not have any conflict of interest with accepted or rejected articles.
• Editors have full responsibility and authority to accept or reject an article.
• It is the editors' responsibility to keep the names of peer reviewers and authors mutually confidential.
• Only the articles that will contribute to the relevant field should be accepted.
• If an error is detected, editors should support the correction or retraction of the error.
• It is the duty of editors to complete the pre-review, peer review, editing, and publishing processes of the articles submitted to the journal in a timely and appropriate manner.
• Editors should not assign people who do not contribute to the journal as editorial board members or associate editors.
• Editors should review the AI Policy.

PUBLICATION POLICY

Any manuscript that is considered to be published in DUJTECH must meet the following criteria:

• Originality
• Not containing ethical violations
• Having clear messages for the scientific community
• Expressing the extent to which the article will contribute to researchers in the field and its relevance to science.
• Current fields and topics drawing the interest of researchers in the field of sciences
• Having structural and logical integrity
• Research results that are based on scientific evidence
• Coherence of the scientific method.

Language

DUJTECH publishes articles written in English.

Change of Authorship

DUJTECH accepts article authors according to the statement on the Title Page of the article. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the authors to submit the final version of the full author list. Requests for any change of authorship after the submission of the article (e.g removal/addition of authors, change of order, etc.) are subject to editorial approval. The Editorial Board will investigate such cases and act according to the COPE flowcharts.

Requests for a change of authorship should be conveyed to the Editor with an official letter stating the reasons for the change. The letter should be signed by all the authors and include their confirmation of the change of authorship. If the request is approved by the Editorial Board, the change of author is made by the editor through the system.

Disclaimer

The opinions expressed in the articles published in the journal are those of the author(s). They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the DUJTECH and its Editor-In-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board, or Publisher. The Editor-in-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board, and Publisher assume no responsibility or liability for such cases. The sole responsibility for the published content lies with the authors.

Complaints and Appeals

DUJTECH handles complaints and appeals by following the below procedure. Complaints including but not limited to the long delays in handling studies and publication ethics initially are handled by the Editor-in-Chief of DUJTECH. The Editor-in-Chief examines complaints and appeals together with Area Editors and Editorial Board if applicable. If anything occurs about complaints and appeals please contact alietemgurel@duzce.edu.tr.

Complaints about the Content of a Paper

The Editor-in-Chief examines the complaints of the author(s), and the reports of reviewers and make a decision:
- The confirmation of the rejection of the paper,
- The appeal of the author should be considered,
- A fresh opinion from an independent reviewer is needed.

The final decision of the Editor-in-Chief is notified to the author(s). The explanation of the consequences of the appeal is shared with the author(s) if necessary. This is the final decision of DUJTECH.

Complaints about Processes

The complaints about processes are handled by the Editor-in-Chief. Long delays in handling studies are examined by editors of DUJTECH and any necessary issues are shared with the Editor-in-Chief. The Editor-in-Chief evaluates the complaints, and when necessary, information is shared with the authors.

Complaints about Ethics

The Editor-in-Chief considers complaints about publication ethics of the author’s or reviewer’s conduct. The Editor-in-Chief follows the publication ethics which are published on the DUJTECH website. The editorial board of DUJTECH examines the concern of complainants or reviewers. The details and progress of the examination are shared with the complainant(s) clearly. The Editor-in-Chief provides feedback to the complainant(s) on the manner of action and the final decision.