Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Aracılığıyla Odun Esaslı Bir Ürün Grubunun Dış Ticareti Açısından OECD Ülkelerinin Analizi
Year 2025,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 60 - 74, 30.06.2025
Sebahattin Tiryaki
Abstract
Küreselleşen günümüz dünyasında ülkelerin ticaret ağlarını geliştirmesi için ekonomik iş birlikleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. OECD’yi bu gibi iş birliklerden biri olarak dikkate almak mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı OECD ülkelerinin kontrplak, ahşap kaplamalı levha ve benzeri lamine edilmiş odun ürün grubu açısından ihracat ve ithalat değerlerini hiyerarşik kümeleme analizine tabi tutmak ve ülkeleri benzerliklerine göre sınıflandırmaktır. Çalışmaya konu ülkelerin 2013-2023 yıllarına ait kontrplak, ahşap kaplamalı levha ve benzeri lamine edilmiş odun ihracat ve ithalat verileri Trademap web sitesinden sağlanmıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizinin sonuçları OECD ülkelerini ihracat açısından minimum 2 gruba ve maksimum 4 gruba, ithalat açısından ise minimum 2 gruba ve maksimum 5 gruba ayırmanın mümkün olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi Türkiye'nin OECD ülkeleri arasındaki pozisyonunu ortaya koymuştur. Hem ihracat hem de ithalat açısından tüm kümeleme seçeneklerinde Türkiye'nin en fazla ülkeye sahip kümede yer aldığı anlaşılmıştır. Bu sonuç Türkiye’nin ilgili ürün grubunun dış ticareti açısından çok sayıda OECD ülkesine benzediğini göstermiştir. Bu tür çalışmaların, araştırılan ürün veya sektörlere ilişkin ülkelerin mevcut durumlarını görmesi ve daha etkili değerlendirmeler yapması açısından önemli olabileceğini belirtmek mümkündür.
References
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Afzal, A., Khan, L., Hussain, M. Z., Hasan, M. Z., Mustafa, M., Khalid, A., Awan, R., Ashraf, F., Khan, Z. A., & Javaid, A. (2024). Customer segmentation using hierarchical clustering. 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Apr 5-7, 1–6, Pune, India.
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Akyüz, K. C., Yıldırım, İ., Ersen, N., Akyüz, İ., & Memiş, D. (2020). Competitiveness of the forest products industry in Turkey: The revealed comparative advantage index. Drewno, 63(205),155-170. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.333.09
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Akyüz, K. C., Yıldırım İ., Balaban, Y., & Korkut, S. (2010). Analysis of forest product trade relationships between Turkey and European Union member states. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(16), 2353-2359.
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Akyüz, İ., Ersen, N., Bayram, B. Ç., Acar, M., Akyüz, K. C., & Üçüncü, T. (2019). Investigation of the similarities of industrial wood production statistics of regional directorates of forestry in Turkey using cluster and discriminant analysis. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 19(2), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.625588
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Benlaria, H. (2024). The impact of economic factors on Saudi Arabia’s foreign trade with BRICS countries: A gravity model approach. Economies, 12, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12110305
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Braithwaite, J., Tran, Y., Fisher, G., Ellis, L. A., Smith, C. L., & Zurynski, Y. (2025). Health system performance on greenhouse gas emissions, climate change and development status in 38 OECD countries. Scientific Reports, 15, 5101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89485-0
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Bu, J., Liu, W., Pan, Z., & Ling, K. (2020). Comparative study of hydrochemical classification based on different hierarchical cluster analysis methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249515
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Cicioğlu, Ş., İbrahim, R. H. A. (2023). Analysis of foreign trade between Türkiye and Africa. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 10(2), 75-102. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1356970
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Demiroğlu, Ö. (2019). Çekim modeli uygulamasında son gelişmeler ve yapısal/teorik çekim modeli. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(35), 889-904.
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Gunduz, F. F., Gunduz, S., & Dolekoglu, C. O. (2018). Cluster analysis of the EU countries which Turkey has textile trade. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(5), 332-341.
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Koç, K. H., Dilik, T., & Kurtoğlu, A. (2017). Türkiye orman ürünleri endüstrisine stratejik bir bakış. IV. Ulusal Ormancılık Kongresi, 15-16 Kasım, 483-495, Antalya, Türkiye.
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Konak, A., & Demir M. A. (2019). Türkiye’nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: Çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararasi Bankacılık, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70.
-
Kurt, R., & İmren, E. (2021). Regional clusters, similarities, and changes in Turkey’s wood production: A comparative analysis using K-Means and Ward’s clustering methods. Drvna Industrija, 72(4), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.2031
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Lodhi, S. S., Kumar, N., & Pandey, P. K. (2023). Autonomous vehicular overtaking maneuver: A survey and taxonomy. Vehicular Communications, 42, 100623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100623
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Niewolik, J., Mikuteit, M., Klawitter, S., Schröder, D., Stölting, A., Vahldiek, K., Heinemann, S., Müller, F., Behrens, G. M. N., Klawonn, F., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., & Steffens, S. (2024). Cluster analysis of long COVID symptoms for deciphering a syndrome and its long-term consequence. Immunologic Research, 72, 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-024-09465-w
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Pala, Ü., & Salahuddin, T. (2024). Technological and innovative structure and capabilities of Türkiye’s automotive industrial sector: An exploratory study. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, 8(4), 476-492. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1508081
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Zhang, Z., Murtagh, F., Poucke, S. V., Lin, S., & Lan, P. (2017). Hierarchical cluster analysis in clinical research with heterogeneous study population: highlighting its visualization with R. Annals of Translational Medicine, 5(4), 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.02.05
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Shetty, P., & Singh, S. (2021). Hierarchical clustering: A survey. International Journal of Applied Research, 7(4), 178-181. https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2021.v7.i4c.8484
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Şahin, D. (2016). Türkiye’de ormana dayalı sektörlerin dış ticaret yapısının analizi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5 (Ek sayı), 181-196.
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Tiryaki, S., Aydın, A., & Üçüncü, K. (2015). Türkiye mobilya sektörünün Avrupa Birliği sürecinde dış ticaret durumunun kümeleme analizi ile incelenmesi. 3. Ulusal Mobilya Kongresi, 10-12 Nisan, 242-248, Konya, Türkiye.
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Turhan, T., & Gazeloglu, C. (2023). Statistical analysis of education expenditures in higher education: The case of Turkey between 2011-2021. 1st International Conference on Modern and Advanced Research, July 29-31, 227-234, Konya, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.59287/icmar.1287
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URL-1. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=
1%7c%7c6578%7c%7c%7c4412%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c1%7c1 (Access date: 28.05.2025)
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Warsito, B., Sumiyati, S., Yasin, H., & Faridah, H. (2021). Evaluation of river water quality by using hierarchical clustering analysis. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 896, 012072. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012072
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Yıldırım, İ., & Emiroğlu, E. (2022). Türkiye ve dünyada orman ürünleri sanayi sektörüne ait bazı ürünlerin karşılaştırmalı analizleri. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9: Özel Sayı, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1090122
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Yıldırım, İ., Alevli, C., & Akyüz, K. C. (2016). Odun esaslı levha sektörünün dış ticaret analizi ve tahmini. Kastamonu Universitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 370-382. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.289748
Analysis of OECD Countries in Terms of Foreign Trade of a Wood-Based Product Group via Hierarchical Clustering
Year 2025,
Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 60 - 74, 30.06.2025
Sebahattin Tiryaki
Abstract
In today's globalizing world, economic cooperation is of great importance for countries to develop their trade networks. It is possible to consider the OECD as one of such collaborations. The main purpose of this study is to subject the export and import values of OECD countries in terms of plywood, veneered panel and similar laminated wood product group to hierarchical cluster analysis and to classify the countries according to their similarities. The plywood, veneered panel and similar laminated wood export and import data belonging to the years 2013-2023 of the countries subject to the study were provided from Trademap website. The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that it is possible to divide OECD countries into minimum 2 groups and maximum 4 groups in terms of export, and minimum 2 groups and maximum 5 groups in terms of import. Moreover, hierarchical cluster analysis revealed Türkiye's position among the OECD countries. It has been understood that Türkiye is in the cluster with the highest number of countries, in all clustering options in terms of both the export and import. This result demonstrated that Türkiye is similar to a large number of the OECD countries in terms of foreign trade of the relevant product group. It is possible to state that such studies may be important in terms of both seeing the current situation of the countries and making more effective assessments regarding the products or sectors under research.
References
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Afzal, A., Khan, L., Hussain, M. Z., Hasan, M. Z., Mustafa, M., Khalid, A., Awan, R., Ashraf, F., Khan, Z. A., & Javaid, A. (2024). Customer segmentation using hierarchical clustering. 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Apr 5-7, 1–6, Pune, India.
-
Akyüz, K. C., Yıldırım, İ., Ersen, N., Akyüz, İ., & Memiş, D. (2020). Competitiveness of the forest products industry in Turkey: The revealed comparative advantage index. Drewno, 63(205),155-170. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.333.09
-
Akyüz, K. C., Yıldırım İ., Balaban, Y., & Korkut, S. (2010). Analysis of forest product trade relationships between Turkey and European Union member states. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(16), 2353-2359.
-
Akyüz, İ., Ersen, N., Bayram, B. Ç., Acar, M., Akyüz, K. C., & Üçüncü, T. (2019). Investigation of the similarities of industrial wood production statistics of regional directorates of forestry in Turkey using cluster and discriminant analysis. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 19(2), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.625588
-
Benlaria, H. (2024). The impact of economic factors on Saudi Arabia’s foreign trade with BRICS countries: A gravity model approach. Economies, 12, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12110305
-
Bouguettaya, A., Yu, Q., Liu, X., Zhou, X., & Song, A. (2015). Efficient agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(5), 2785–2797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.09.054
-
Braithwaite, J., Tran, Y., Fisher, G., Ellis, L. A., Smith, C. L., & Zurynski, Y. (2025). Health system performance on greenhouse gas emissions, climate change and development status in 38 OECD countries. Scientific Reports, 15, 5101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89485-0
-
Bu, J., Liu, W., Pan, Z., & Ling, K. (2020). Comparative study of hydrochemical classification based on different hierarchical cluster analysis methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249515
-
Cicioğlu, Ş., İbrahim, R. H. A. (2023). Analysis of foreign trade between Türkiye and Africa. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 10(2), 75-102. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1356970
-
Demiroğlu, Ö. (2019). Çekim modeli uygulamasında son gelişmeler ve yapısal/teorik çekim modeli. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(35), 889-904.
-
Gunduz, F. F., Gunduz, S., & Dolekoglu, C. O. (2018). Cluster analysis of the EU countries which Turkey has textile trade. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(5), 332-341.
https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.6886
-
Jain, A. K., Murty, M. N., & Flynn, P. J. (1999). Data clustering: A review. ACM Computing Surveys, 31(3), 264–323. https://doi.org/10.1145/331499.331504
-
Koç, K. H., Dilik, T., & Kurtoğlu, A. (2017). Türkiye orman ürünleri endüstrisine stratejik bir bakış. IV. Ulusal Ormancılık Kongresi, 15-16 Kasım, 483-495, Antalya, Türkiye.
-
Konak, A., & Demir M. A. (2019). Türkiye’nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: Çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararasi Bankacılık, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70.
-
Kurt, R., & İmren, E. (2021). Regional clusters, similarities, and changes in Turkey’s wood production: A comparative analysis using K-Means and Ward’s clustering methods. Drvna Industrija, 72(4), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.2031
-
Lodhi, S. S., Kumar, N., & Pandey, P. K. (2023). Autonomous vehicular overtaking maneuver: A survey and taxonomy. Vehicular Communications, 42, 100623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100623
-
Niewolik, J., Mikuteit, M., Klawitter, S., Schröder, D., Stölting, A., Vahldiek, K., Heinemann, S., Müller, F., Behrens, G. M. N., Klawonn, F., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., & Steffens, S. (2024). Cluster analysis of long COVID symptoms for deciphering a syndrome and its long-term consequence. Immunologic Research, 72, 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-024-09465-w
-
Pala, Ü., & Salahuddin, T. (2024). Technological and innovative structure and capabilities of Türkiye’s automotive industrial sector: An exploratory study. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, 8(4), 476-492. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1508081
-
Zhang, Z., Murtagh, F., Poucke, S. V., Lin, S., & Lan, P. (2017). Hierarchical cluster analysis in clinical research with heterogeneous study population: highlighting its visualization with R. Annals of Translational Medicine, 5(4), 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.02.05
-
Shetty, P., & Singh, S. (2021). Hierarchical clustering: A survey. International Journal of Applied Research, 7(4), 178-181. https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2021.v7.i4c.8484
-
Şahin, D. (2016). Türkiye’de ormana dayalı sektörlerin dış ticaret yapısının analizi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5 (Ek sayı), 181-196.
-
Tiryaki, S., Aydın, A., & Üçüncü, K. (2015). Türkiye mobilya sektörünün Avrupa Birliği sürecinde dış ticaret durumunun kümeleme analizi ile incelenmesi. 3. Ulusal Mobilya Kongresi, 10-12 Nisan, 242-248, Konya, Türkiye.
-
Turhan, T., & Gazeloglu, C. (2023). Statistical analysis of education expenditures in higher education: The case of Turkey between 2011-2021. 1st International Conference on Modern and Advanced Research, July 29-31, 227-234, Konya, Turkey. https://doi.org/10.59287/icmar.1287
-
URL-1. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=
1%7c%7c6578%7c%7c%7c4412%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c3%7c1%7c1%7c1 (Access date: 28.05.2025)
-
Warsito, B., Sumiyati, S., Yasin, H., & Faridah, H. (2021). Evaluation of river water quality by using hierarchical clustering analysis. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 896, 012072. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012072
-
Yıldırım, İ., & Emiroğlu, E. (2022). Türkiye ve dünyada orman ürünleri sanayi sektörüne ait bazı ürünlerin karşılaştırmalı analizleri. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9: Özel Sayı, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1090122
-
Yıldırım, İ., Alevli, C., & Akyüz, K. C. (2016). Odun esaslı levha sektörünün dış ticaret analizi ve tahmini. Kastamonu Universitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 370-382. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.289748