TÜRK ÖZEL İLGİ GEZGİNLERİ SANSASYON ARAMA ÖZELLİĞİ SERGİLEMEKTE MİDİR?

Abstract

Türk turizmi son yirmi yıl içerisinde kitle turizmi üzerinde yoğunlaşarak uluslararası turizm pazarında önemli bir yer edinmeyi başarmıştır. Diğer yandan değişen tüketici gereksinim ve beklentileri, kitle turizmi ile birlikte, diğer turizm ürünlerine de yönelinmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca uluslararası turizm hareketleri içindeki pazar büyüklüğü ile ilgili veriler halen tartışmalı olmakla birlikte, özel ilgi turizminin öneminin giderek artacağı öngörülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu pazardaki tüketiciler hakkında daha kapsamlı bilgiler edinilmesi; pazarın çok daha ayrıntılı şekilde bölümlendirilmesine, arz olanaklarının yeniden planlanmasına ve en uygun pazarlama karması oluşturma çalışmalarına önemli katkılar sağlayabilecektir. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın temel amacı, Türk özel ilgi gezginlerinin sansasyon arama özelliğini ne düzeyde sergilediklerini belirleyerek, gelecekte bu alanda yapılacak çalışmalara ışık tutmak ve uygulayıcılara öneriler getirmektir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Hoyle ve diğerleri (2002) tarafından geliştirilen Kısa Sansasyon Arama Ölçeği (KSAÖ) kullanılmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile 309 Türk özel ilgi gezgini örnekleme alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, katılımcıların büyük bir çoğunluğunun (% 83.2) sansasyon arama özelliğini sergilediği ve yaklaşık % 60’ının bu özelliğe orta düzeyin üzerinde sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, yaş (p<0.05), katılım sıklığı (p<0.01) ve özel ilgi türünün risk niteliği (p<0.05) ile sansasyon arama özelliği arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğu görülmüştür. Daha genç yaştakiler , daha sık (>1) ve daha riskli özel ilgi etkinliklerine katılan gezginler sansasyon arama özelliğini daha fazla sergilemektedirler. Araştırma sonuçlarından hareketle destinasyon yönetimleri, işletmeciler ve araştırmacılar için somut önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Keywords

• Özel ilgi turizmi, sansasyon arama, pazar bölümlendirme

ARE TURKISH SPECIAL INTEREST TRAVELERS SENSATION SEEKERS?

Abstract

In the last two decades, Turkish tourism industry has edged into the international tourism market through mass tourism activities. Changing customers’ needs and expectations, however, draw attention to the special interest services besides resort tourism. Besides the importance of special interest tourism is expected to grow although data related to market share within international tourism market is still controversial. Therefore, more comprehensive information about the special interest travelers will provide a significant contrubituion to creation of specific segmentation, supply planning and appropriate marketing mix. In this vein, the purpose of the research was to determine what level of sensation seeking trait of Turkish special interest travelers had, and to make suggestions to special interest travel providers and researchers. Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) which was developed by Hoyle et al. (2002) was used as research instrument. By using purposive sampling method, 309 Turkish special interest travelers were involved in the sample. Results indicated that a large majority of respondents (83.2%) was found as sensation seekers, and about 60% of those were up-to middle level. Age (p<0.05), frequency of participation (p<0.01) and risk type (p<0.05) were siginificantly differed accross sensation seeking trait. Accordingly, youngers , more frequently travelers (>1) and risk takers were more sensation seekers. Results of the study will help destination managements, providers and researchers

Keywords

• Special interest tourism, sensation seeking, market segmentation

References

1. ALUJA, A. and TORRUBIA, R. (2004): “Hostility-Aggressiveness, Sensation Seeking, and Sex Hormones in Men: Re-exploring their Relationship”, Neuropsychobiology, 50: 102-107.
2. ARNOLD, P., FLETCHER, S., and FARROW, R,. (2002): “Condom Use and Psychological Sensation Seeking by College Students”, Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 17: 354-365.
3. BONILLA, J. M. L. and BONILLA, L. M. L. (2008): “Sensation Seeking and E- Shoppers”, Electron Commerce Research, 8: 143-154.
4. BROTHERTON, B. and HIMMETOĞLU, B. (1997): “Beyond Destinations – Special Interest Tourism”, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(3): 11-30.
5. CRONIN, C. (1991): “Sensation Seeking among Mountain Climbers”, Personality and Individual Differences, 12: 653-654.
6. ÇAKICI, C. ve HARMAN, S. (2006): “Kuş Gözlemciliğinin Önemi: Türkiye’deki Kuş Gözlemcilerinin Profili”, Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(2): 161-168.
7. DIEHM, R. and ARMATAS, C. (2004): “Surfing: an Avenue for Socially Acceptable Risk-taking, Satisfying Needs for Sensation Seeking and Experience Seeking”, Personality and Individual Differences, 36: 663-677.
8. D’ZURILLA, T., CHANG, E. C., and SANNA, L,. (2003): “Self-esteem and Social Problem Solving as Predictors of Aggression in College Students”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(4): 424-440.

9. EACHUS, P. (2004): “Using the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) to Predict Holiday Preferences”, Personality and Individual Differences, 36: 141-153.
10. ERKUŞ, A. (2008): “Ölçme ve Ölçek Geliştirme Semineri Notları”, VI. Araştırma Yöntemleri Semineri, Düzenleyen: Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi ve Mersin Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu Mezunları Derneği, Antalya.
11. FRANQUES, P., AURIACOMBE, M., PIQUEMAL, E., VERGER, M., BRISSEAU- GIMENEZ, S., GRABOT, D., and TIGNOL, J,. (2003). “Sensation Seeking as a Common Factor in Opioid Dependent Subjects and High Risk Sport Practicing Subjects: A Cross Sectional Study”, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69: 121-126.
12. GALLOWAY, G. (2002): “Psychographic Segmentation of Park Visitor Markets: Evidence for the Utility of Sensation Seeking”, Tourism Management, 23: 581-596.
13. GALLOWAY, G., MITCHELL, R., GETZ, D., CROUCH, G., and ONG, B,. (2008): “Sensation Seeking and the Prediction of Attitudes and Behaviours of Wine Tourists”, Tourism Management, 29: 950-966.
14. GIBSON, H. (1996): “Thrill Seeking Vacations: A Lifespan Perspective”, Loisir et Societe, 19: 439-458.
15. GILCHRIST, H., POVEY, R., DICKINSON, A., and POVEY, R,. (1995):”The Sensation Seeking Scale: Its Use in a Study of the Characteristics of People Choosing Adventure Holidays”, Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4): 513- 516.
16. GOMA i FREIXANET, M. G. (1991): “Personality Profile of Subjects Engaged in High Physical Risk Sports”, Personality and Individual Differences, 12: 1087-1093.
17. GRAY, J., M. and WILSON, M. A. (2007): “A Detailed Analysis of Reliability and Validity of the Sensation Seeking Scale in a UK Sample”, Personality and Individual Differences, 42: 641-651.
18. GRIFFITH, D. and ALBANESE, P. (1996): “An Examination of Plog’s Psychographic Travel Model within a Student Population”, Journal of Travel Reserch, 34: 47-51.
19. GULETTE, D. and LYONS, M. (2006): “Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, and Unprotected Sex in College Students”, Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care, 17(5): 23-31.
20. HALL, M. and WEILER, B. (1992): “Introduction: What’s Special about Special Interest Tourism?”, Weiler and Hall (eds.) Special Interest Tourism, Bellhaven Press.
21. HOYLE, R. H., STEPHENSON, T., PALMGREEN, P., LORCH, E. P., and DONOHEW, R. L,. (2002): “Relability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Sensation Seeking”, Personality and Individual Differences, 32: 401-414.
22. HUNTER, C., and GREEN, H. (1996): Tourism and the Environment, Great Britain, Routledge.
23. ISO-AHOLA, S. E. (1983): “Towards a Social Psychology of Recreational Travel”, Leisure Studies, 2: 45-56.
24. JOIREMAN, J., FICK, C. S., and ANDERSON, J. W., (2002): “Sensation Seeking and Involvement in Chess”, Personality and Individual Differences, 32: 509-515.
25. KOPSTEIN, A., CRUM, R., CELENTANO, D., and MARTIN, S,. (2001): “Sensation Seeking Needs among 8th and 11th Grades: Characteristics Associated with Cigarette and Marijuana Use”, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 62: 195-203.
26. LEPP, A. and GIBSON, H. (2008): “Sensation Seeking and Tourism: Tourist Role, Perception of Risk and Destination Choice”, Tourism Management, 29: 740-750.
27. LEVENSON, M. (1990): “Risk Taking and Personality”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 1073-1080.
28. LOW, K. G. and GENDASZEK, A. E. (2002): “Illıcit Use of Psychostimulants among College Students: A Preliminary Study”, Psychology, Health and Medicine, 7: 283- 287.
29. MANNING, R. (1986): Studies in Outdoor Recreation, Corvallis, Oregon State University Press.
30. MARTIN, B, SHERRARD, M., and WENTZEL, D,. (2005): “The Role of Sensation Seeking and Need for Cognition on Web-site Evaluations: A Resource - matching Perspective”, Psycology and Marketing, 22(2): 109-126.
31. McCOURT, W., GURREA, M., and CUTTER, H,. (1993): “Sensatiın Seeking and Novelty Seeking: Are They the Same?” The Journal of Nerveous and Mental Desease, 181: 309-312.
32. McDANIEL, S. R. and ZUCKERMAN, M. (2003): “The Relationship of Impulsive Sensation Seeking and Gender to Interest and Participation in Gambling Activities”, Personality and Individual Differences, 35: 1385-1400.
33. MEHMETOĞLU, M. (2007): “Typologising Nature-based Tourists by Activity- Theoretical and Practical Implications”, Tourism Management, 28: 651-660.
34. OH, H., KIM, B., and SHIN, J,. (2004): “Hospitality and Tourism Marketing: Recent Developments in Research and Future Directions”, Hospitality Management, 23: 425-447.
35. PIZAM, A., REICHEL, A., and URIELY, N., (2002): “Sensation Seeking and Tourst Behavior”, Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 9(2): 17-33.
36. PLOG, S. (2002): “The Power of Pcyhographics and the Concept of Venturesomeness”, Journal of Travel Research, 40: 244-251.
37. POMFRET, G. (2006): “Mountaineering Adventure Tourists: A Conceptual Framework for Research”, Tourism Management, 27: 113-123.
38. ROBERTI, J., STORCH, E., and BRAVATA, E,. (2004): “Sensation Seeking, Exposure to Psychosocial Stressors, and Body Modifications in a College Population”, Personality and Individual Differences, 37: 1167-1177.
39. ROBINSON, D. (1992): “A Descriptive Model of Enduring Risk Recreation Involvement”, Journal of Leisure Research, 24: 52-63.
40. ROSENBLOOM, T. (2003): “Sensation Seeking and Risk Taking in Mortality Salience”, Personality and Individual Differences, 35: 1809-1819.
41. ROWLAND, G., FRANKEN, R., and HARRISON, K,. (1986): “Sensation Seeking and Participation in Sporting Activities”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8: 212-220.
42. SECKELMANN, A. (2002): “Domestic Tourism- a Chance for Regional Development in Turkey?”, Tourism Management, 23(1): 85-92.
43. SORENSEN, L. (1993): “The Special – Interest Travel Market”, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant administration Quarterly, (34): 24-30.
44. SPITALNICK, J. S., DiCLEMENTE, R. J., WINGOOD, G. M., CROSBY, R. A., MILHAUSEN, R. R., SALES, J. M., McCARTY, F., ROSE, E., and YOUNGE, S. N,. (2007): “Brief Report. Sexual Sensation Seeking and its Relationship to Risky Sexual Behaviour among African-American Adolescent Females”, Journal of Adolescence, 30: 165-173.
45. SUNG, H. H. (2004): “Classification of Adventure Travelers: Behavior, Decision Making and Target Markets”, Journal of Travel Research, 42: 343-356.
46. SWARBROOK, J. and HORNER, S. (1999): Consumer Behaviour in Tourism, Oxford, Butterworth and Heinemann.
47. TRAUER, B. (2006): ”Conceptualizing Special Interest Tourism - Framework for Analysis”, Tourism Management, 27: 183-200.
48. WAHLERS, R. and ETZEL, M. (1985): “Vacation Preference as a Manifestation of Optimal Stimulation and Lifestyle Experience”, Journal of Leisure Research, 17: 283-295.
49. YAZICIOĞLU, Y. ve ERDOĞAN, S. (2004): SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
50. ZUCKERMAN, M. (1994): Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
51. ZUCKERMAN, M. (1979a): Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal, Hillsdale, Erlbaum.
52. ZUCKERMAN, M. (1979b): “Sensation Seeking and Risk Taking”, C. Izard (ed.) Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology, New York, Plenum Press.