Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi

Abstract

Kültürler arası araştırmalarda bireycilik ve toplulukçuluk (IND-COL) konusunun en çok çalışılan kavram olması ve bireysel düzeyi de dikkate alabilmesi nedeniyle IND-COL Türkiye’nin kültürler arası yönetim yazınında önemli bir yer teşkil etmektedir. Ancak geçmiş çalışmalardan anlaşıldığı üzere IND-COL kavramının hem içerik hem de ölçüm anlamında problemli olduğu noktalar bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma bu tür problemleri çözmek için tekrar düzenlenen yeni IND-COL ölçeğini Türkçe’ye kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir. Oyserman, Coon ve Kemmelmeier’ın (2002) meta analizinden esinlenerek geliştirilen Türkçe IND-COL ölçeğini (Oyserman, 2005) geçerlemek için iki farklı çalışma tasarlanmıştır. 440 kişilik örneklemi dikkate alan birinci çalışma IND-COL’un çok boyutlu faktör yapısını (IND: başarıya önem vermek, özgürlüğe önem vermek, özgünlüğe önem vermek. COL: aile, grup içi kadercilik, kişilerarası ilişkiler) test etmiştir. 107 kişilik örneklemi dikkate alan ikinci çalışma ise aynı ölçeğin yakınsama ve ayırt edici geçerliliğini test etmiştir. Yeni IND-COL ölçeği kısmen geçerlenmiş ve ölçeğin yakınsama ve ayırt edici geçerliliği gösterilmiştir. Bu bulgular bireyciliğin ve toplulukçuluğun birbirinden ayrı kavramlar olduğunu ve IND-COL’un alt boyutlarının INDCOL’u belirli alanlarda daha iyi anlamaya yaradığını göstermiştir. Ancak yapısal bütünlüğün kısmen düşük olması IND-COL’un çok boyutlu yapısal güvenirliğinin iyileştirilmesi gerektiğini de ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bulguların teorik önemi ve etkileri geçmiş yazın ışığında tartışılmaktadır.  

Keywords

• Bireycilik,Toplulukçuluk,Ölçek Geçerleme,Kültürlerarası Yönetim,Türkiye

Validation of Individualism-Collectivism Scale in Turkish Context

Abstract

Since individualism and collectivism (IND-COL) construct is the most studied concept in cross cultural studies and can take individual-level issues into account, it constitutes an important part of Turkish cross-cultural management literature. However, previous studies indicate that the construct is problematic from both conceptual and methodological aspects. Therefore, this study aims to validate the new INDCOL scale which is designated to solve these problems. We conducted two studies in order to validate Oyserman’s (2005) scale inspired from Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier’s (2002) meta-analysis. The first study which was composed of 440 participants tested the factor structure of INDCOL (IND: success, uniqueness, freedom. COL: family, with-in group destiny, interpersonal relations). The second study which was composed of 107 participants tested the discriminant and convergent validity of the scale. The new IND-COL scale’s factor structure was partly confirmed, and the scale showed convergent and discriminant validity. The results indicated that individualism and collectivism were separate constructs and specific sub-fields of IND-COL contributed to better understanding of the construct. However multidimensional structure of the scale had to be improved due to low structural integrity. In the light of these findings, theoretical implications are discussed.  

Keywords

• Individualism,Collectivism,Scale Validation,Cross-Cultural Management,Turkey

References

1. Aldemir, C. M., Arbak, Y., & Özmen, N. T. Ö. (2003). “Türkiye’de İşgörme Anlayışı: Tanımı ve Boyutları”Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 5–28.
2. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. (1988). “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach”Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.103.3.411
3. Baltacı, A. (2014)”Değerlendirme farklılıklarının ve atfın nedenselliğinin açıklayıcısı olarak kültür” Uluslararası Sosyal Araşırmalar Dergisi, 7(31): 720–727.
4. Bond, M. H. (2002). “Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede’s ecological analysis--a 20-year odyssey: comment on Oyserman et al. (2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 73–77. https://doi. org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.73
5. Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2014). “The Ecological Fallacy in National Culture Research” Organization Studies, 35(7): 1063–1086. https://doi. org/10.1177/0170840613517602
6. Briley, D. A., & Wyer, R. S. (2001). “Transitory Determinants of Values and Decisions: The Utility (or Nonutility) of Individualism and Collectivism in Understanding Cultural Differences” Social Cognition, 19(3):197–227. https://doi.org/10.1521/ soco.19.3.197.21474
7. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi. org/10.1177/135910457000100301
8. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: Guilford Press.

9. Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). “A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life” Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2): 189–225.
10. Chew, K. (1996). Beyond individualism-collectivism: Additional constructs to consider. University of Oregon, Eugene.
11. Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). “The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4): 791–808.
12. Cukur, C. S., de Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). “Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: a study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines” The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6): 613–634. https://doi. org/10.3200/SOCP.144.6.613-634
13. Erkuş, A., & Banai, M. (2011). “Attitudes towards questionable negotiation tactics in Turkey”International Journal of Conflict Management, 22(3): 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444061111152955
14. Eysenbach, G. (2004).”Improving the quality of web surveys: The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)” Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6(3): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2196/ jmir.6.3.e34
15. Fiske, A. P. (2002). “Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures--a critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: comment on Oyserman et al.(2002)” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.78
16. Freeman, M. A., & Bordia, P. (2001). “Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis” European Journal of Personality, 15(2): 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/ per.398
17. Green, E. G. T., Deschamps, J.-C., & Paez, D. (2005). “Variation of Individualism and Collectivism within and between 20 Countries: A Typological Analysis” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(3): 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104273654
18. Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). “The Influence of Cultural Individualism-Collectivism, Self Construals, and Individual Values on Communication Styles Across Cultures” Human Communication Research, 22(4): 510–543. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x
19. Hawkins, R., & Teng Sze Wei, S. (2017). “Child Sexual Abuse Attributions Among Undergraduate Psychology Students in Singapore” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(7): 839–852. https://doi.org/10.10 80/10538712.2017.1360430
20. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. Newbury Park,CA: Sage Publications. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). “Individualism-Collectivism: A Study of Cross-Cultural Researchers” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(2): 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017002006
21. Hui, C. H., & Yee, C. (1994). “The Shortened lndividualism-Collectivism Scale: Its Relationship to Demographic and Work-Related Variables” Journal of Research in Personality, 28(4): 409–424. https://doi. org/10.1006/jrpe.1994.1029
22. Jackson, D. D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). “Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations” Psychological Methods, 14(1): 6–23. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0014694
23. Jason, L. A., Luna, R. D., Alvarez, J., & Stevens, E. (2016). “Collectivism and individualism in Latino recovery homes” Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2640(March): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332 640.2016.1138267
24. Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). “The Autonomous-Relational Self : A New Synthesis” European Psychologist, 1(3): 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016- 9040.1.3.180
25. Kemmelmeier, M., Burnstein, E., Krumov, K., Genkova, P., Kanagawa, C., Hirshberg, M. S., … Noels, K. A. (2003). Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(3), 304–322. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0022022103034003005
26. Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Third Edition. New York: Guilford Press.
27. Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). “Olumlu Sosyal Davranışların İlişkisel , Kültürel, Bilişsel ve Duyuşsal Bazı Değişkenlerle İlişkisi” Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54): 109–125.
28. Kurtuldu, G. (2016). “Tüketicilerin Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi Hakkında Bir Ölçek Geçerlemesi” Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1): 100–117.
29. Lance, C. E., Dawson, B., Birkelbach, D., & Hoffman, B. J. (2010). “Method effects, measurement error, and substantive conclusions” Organizational Research Methods, 13(3): 435–455. https://doi. org/10.1177/1094428109352528
30. Li, F., & Aksoy, L. (2007). “Dimensionality of individualism-collectivism and measurement equivalence of Triandis and Gelfand’s scale”Journal of Business and Psychology, 21(3): 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10869-006-9031-8
31. Lilleoja, L., Dobewall, H., Aavik, T., Strack, M., & Verkasalo, M. (2016). “Measurement equivalence of Schwartz’s refined value structure across countries and modes of data collection: New evidence from Estonia, Finland, and Ethiopia” Personality and Individual Differences, 102: 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2016.07.009
32. MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). “Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research”Annual Review of Psychology, 51: 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201
33. MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). “Model Modifications in Covariance Structure Analysis: The Problem of Capitalization on Chance” Psychological Bulletin, 111(3): 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490
34. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation” Psychological Review, 98(2): 224–253.
35. Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). “In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) Findings” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(3): 320–341. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
36. Merkle, E. C., You, D., & Preacher, K. J. (2016). “Testing nonnested structural equation models” Psychological Methods, 21(2): 151–163. https://doi. org/10.1037/met0000038
37. Nayir, D. Z., & Herzig, C. (2012). “Value Orientations as Determinants of Preference for External and Anonymous Whistleblowing” Journal of Business Ethics, 107(2): 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10551-011-1033-4
38. Owe, E., Vignoles, V. L., Becker, M., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Lee, S. W. S., … Jalal, B. (2012). “Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism: Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1): 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111430255
39. Oyserman, D. (1993). “The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5): 993– 1009. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.993
40. Oyserman, D. (2005). Individualism and collectivism measures. Retrieved from https://dornsife.usc.edu/ daphna-oyserman/measures/ (31.12.2017)
41. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). “Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses” Psychological Bulletin, 128(1): 3–72. https://doi. org/10.1037//0033-2909.128.1.3
42. Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. (2007). “Priming “Culture”: Culture as Situated Cognition” In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Psychology (s. 255–279). New York: Guilford Press.
43. Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008). “Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism” Psychological Bulletin, 134(2): 311–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.134.2.311
44. Öztürk, E. B., Kılıçaslan, S., & Karagonlar, G. (2015). “İlişkisel Benlik Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi” DEÜ İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2): 49–70.
45. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies” Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.88.5.879
46. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). “Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it” Annual Review of Psychology, 63: 539–69. https:// doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
47. Raykov, T. (2001). “Estimation of congeneric scale reliability using covariance structure analysis with nonlinear constraints” British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54(2), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711001159582
48. Sakal, O. ve Yıldız, S. (2015). Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Değerleri, Kariyer Çapaları ve Kariyer Tatmini İlişkisi. Journal of Yaşar University, 10(40), 6612-6623.
49. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2005). “Individualism: a valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1): 17–31. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_2
50. Sharma, P. (2010). “Measuring personal cultural orientations: Scale development and validation” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(6): 787–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0184-7 Singelis, T. M. (1994). “The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5): 580–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205014
51. Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). ““Examining the impact of Culture’s Consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions”: Correction to Taras, Kirkman, and Steel (2010)” Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5): 888–888. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0020939
52. Taras, V., Sarala, R., Muchinsky, P., Kemmelmeier, M., Singelis, T. M., Avsec, A., … Sinclair, H. C. (2014). “Opposite Ends of the Same Stick? Multi-Method Test of the Dimensionality of Individualism and Collectivism”Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2): 213– 245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509132
53. Torelli, C. J., & Kaikati, A. M. (2009). “Values as predictors of judgments and behaviors: The role of abstract and concrete mindsets” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1): 231–247. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0013836
54. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & Collectivism. London: Westview Press.
55. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). “”Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2)” 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.54.2.323
56. Triandis, H. C., Chan, D. K. ‐., Bhawuk, D. P. S., Iwao, S., & Sinha, J. B. P. (1995). “Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism”. International Journal of Psychology, 30(4): 461–480. https://doi. org/10.1080/00207599508246580
57. Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). “Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1): 118–128. https://doi. org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.118
58. Wasti, S. A., & Erdil, S. E. (2007). “Bireycilik Ve Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1–2): 39–66.
59. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. a. (2006). “Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices”. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6): 806–838. https://doi. org/10.1177/0011000006288127