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KİRLİLİK SIĞINAĞI HİPOTEZİ, DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR VE KAMU POLİTİKALARI

Year 2009, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 1441 - 1462, 01.11.2009

Mine Yılmazer Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy

Abstract

Gelişmekte olan ülkeler katı çevre politikaları uygulayarak sanayileşme hedeflerini tehlikeye atmaktan ve yabancı sermayeyi kaçırmaktan çekinmektedirler. Bu durum, kirlilik yaratan endüstrilerin gelişmiş ülkelerden, kirlilik sığınağı olarak gördükleri gelişmekte olan ülkelere kaymasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, literatürde Merican ve diğerleri tarafından analiz edilen “kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi”, altı gelişen piyasa ekonomisi için 1975–2006 dönemi verileri kullanılarak, panel eşbütünleşim yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Merican ve diğerlerinin çalışma bulgularının aksine değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşim ilişkisi saptanamamıştır

Keywords

Panel Eşbütünleşim Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma CO2 Çevre üzerine Kamu Politikaları

References

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  • AKBOSTANCI, E.; G.İ. TUNÇ ve S. TÜRÜT AŞIK (2004) “İmalat Sanayi ve Kirlilik: Bir kirli Endüstri Sığınağı Olarak Türkiye”, ERC Working Paper in Economic 04/03 T, Ankara.
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  • BACON, R.W. ve S. BHATTACHARYA. (2007) “Growth and CO2 Emmisions
  • How Do Different Countries Fare?”, Environment Department Papers Paper Number 113, World Bank, 2007.
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  • Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries”, Economic Journal, (1), 92-105. BALTAGI, B.H. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd ed. John Willey&Sons, , s.37-38. BIRDSALL, N. ve D. WHEELER (1993) Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in
  • Latin America: Where Are the Pollution Havens?”, Journal of Environment & Development 2(1), 137-147. BORENSZTEIN, E.; J. De GREGORIO and J-W. LEE (1998) “How Does
  • Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 45: 115-135. CARKOVIC, M. and R. LEVINE (2005) “Does Foreign Direct Investment
  • Accelerate economic growth?, in: Moran, H., Graham, E.M. (Eds.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C. CHAREMZA W.W., D. DEADMAN, New Directions in Econometric Practice, Second Edition, Edward Elgar Press, UK, 1997, s.19.
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  • Re-examining Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Output Linkages in Latin America”, Journal of Development Studies, 26: 167–92. DÇKK (1989) “Ortak Geleceğimiz”, (Çev. Belkıs ÇORAKÇI), Türkiye Çevre
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  • Planı”, Mart 1997,s.60, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/cevre/eylempla/arazikul.pdf, (02.06.2006)
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  • Environmental Regulations on Bilateral Trade Flows: OECD 1990-96”, The World Economy, 25(3), 387-405.
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  • FDI-led Growth in Developing Countries: The Way Forward”, Economic Modelling 25: 793-810. HOFFMANN, R.; C. LEE; B. RAMASAMY and M. YEUNG (2005) “FDI and Pollution: a Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data”, Journal of International Development, 17, 311–7.
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  • Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2), article 8. KARAKAYA, E., ÖZÇAG, M. (2007) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve İklim Değişikliği: Uygulanabilecek http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/manas.pdf, (04.03.2007) İktisadi Araçların Analizi”, ,
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  • Foreign Investment?”, Department of Economics, UCSB, Departmental Working Papers, Paper wp28-98pt1. LEE, C.G. (2008) “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution and Economic Growth:
  • Evidence from Malaysia”, Applied Economics, 1-8. LETCHUMANAN R. and F. KODAMA (2000) “Reconciling the Conflict Between the “Pollution-haven” Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International
  • Technology Transfer”, Research Policy, Vol 29/: 59-79. LEVIN A., C. F. LIN, C.,S.J. CHU (2002) “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data:
  • Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108, 2002, s. 1–24.
  • LEVINE, R. and D. RENELT (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country
  • Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review 82: 942–963. LIST, J.A. and C.Y. CO (2000) “The Effects of Environmental Regulations on
  • Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 40, 1-20. LOW, P. and A. YEATES. (1992) "Do 'Dirty' Industries Migrate", in Low P (ed)
  • International Trade and the Environment, World Bank discussion paper, No. , 89-104. LUCAS, R.; P. WHEELER and H. HETTIGE (1992) “Economic Development,
  • Environmental Regulation and International Migration of Toxic Pollution 1960- ”, In Low (1992).
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  • Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995”, the Journal of Environment &
  • Development, Vol 7, No 3: 215-247. MANI, M. S. (1996) "Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical
  • Study," Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, 391-411. MARWAH, K. and L. KLEIN (1998) “What are Some Prospects for India’s
  • Joining the Asian Growth Process?”, in Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation: Theory and Practice, R. Hooley et al (editors), Research in Asian Economic Studies, Volume 7, Part B, JAI Press, pp.419-439. MERICAN, Y.; Z. YUSOP; Z. MOHD.NOOR and L. SIONG HOOK (2007)
  • “Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution in Five ASEAN Nations”, International Journal of Economics and Management 1(2): 245-261. MUTLU, A. (2006) “Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre
  • Kirlenmesi: Üretim,Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları”, 21.Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu: Kamu Maliyesinde Güncel Gelişmeler, Lara/ANTALYA,10-14 Mayıs NAIR-REICHERT, U. and D. WEİNHOLD (2001) “Causality Tests for Cross- country Panels: A New Look at FDI and Economic Growth in Developing
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  • Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, , s.653-70. PEDRONI., P. (2000) “Fully Modified Ols For Heterogeneous Cointegrated
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  • Empirical Analysis, 1960-2001”, World Development Vol. 34/5: 802-817.
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  • Ek 1. Çalışmada Kullanılan Altı Ülke Endonezya Filipinler Malezya Singapur Tayland Türkiye Ek 2. Çalışmada Kullanılan Değişkenlerin Panel Birim Kök Testi Sonuçları Değişkenler Birim Kök Testleri (Unit Root Tests) Sabitli (Individual effects) Düzey Fark Hes 0.66085 63699 89539 9481 1.69973 0.09600 4111 2490 2.24728 0.21506 1443 8390 0.64364 1.33466 3108 7478 0060 972 PP Fisher 0000 MAN 0004 0000 0000 0000 GDPPC 0000 0000 0000 0000 FDI 0000 0000 0000 0000

POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY

Year 2009, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 1441 - 1462, 01.11.2009

Mine Yılmazer Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy

Abstract

The developing countries are not willing to endanger the goals of industrialization and avoid foreign direct investment by implementing strict environmental policies. This situation causes industries which create pollution, to move to developing countries which are perceived as pollution havens. In this study, the pollution haven hypothesis, analyzed in the literature by Merican et all, is tested by using panel cointegration technique and 1975-2006 data sets of six emerging markets. Contrary to the findings of Merican et al, a cointegration relationship between variables does not exist

References

  • ACAR A., “Vergilendirmede Tahsis İlkesinin Çevre Vergileri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, S.D.Ü. İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 1, 2006.
  • AKBOSTANCI, E.; G.İ. TUNÇ ve S. TÜRÜT AŞIK (2004) “İmalat Sanayi ve Kirlilik: Bir kirli Endüstri Sığınağı Olarak Türkiye”, ERC Working Paper in Economic 04/03 T, Ankara.
  • ALFARO, L.; A. CHANDA; S. KALEMLİ-OZCAN ve S. SAYEK (2004) “FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets”, Journal of International Economics 64: 89–112.
  • AMINU, A.M. (2005) “Foreign Direct Investment and The Environment: Pollution
  • Haven Hypothesis Revisited”, Paper prepared for the Eight Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Lübeck, Germany, June 9 - 11, 2005.
  • BACON, R.W. ve S. BHATTACHARYA. (2007) “Growth and CO2 Emmisions
  • How Do Different Countries Fare?”, Environment Department Papers Paper Number 113, World Bank, 2007.
  • BALASUBRAMANYAM, V. N.; M. SALISU ve D. SAPSFORD (1996) “Foreign
  • Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries”, Economic Journal, (1), 92-105. BALTAGI, B.H. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd ed. John Willey&Sons, , s.37-38. BIRDSALL, N. ve D. WHEELER (1993) Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in
  • Latin America: Where Are the Pollution Havens?”, Journal of Environment & Development 2(1), 137-147. BORENSZTEIN, E.; J. De GREGORIO and J-W. LEE (1998) “How Does
  • Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 45: 115-135. CARKOVIC, M. and R. LEVINE (2005) “Does Foreign Direct Investment
  • Accelerate economic growth?, in: Moran, H., Graham, E.M. (Eds.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C. CHAREMZA W.W., D. DEADMAN, New Directions in Econometric Practice, Second Edition, Edward Elgar Press, UK, 1997, s.19.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Communication from the Commission on the Sixth Environment Action Programme of the EC, Brussels, December 2000, s.3-4.
  • CUADROS, A.; V. ORTS and M. ALGUACİL (2004) “Openness and Growth:
  • Re-examining Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Output Linkages in Latin America”, Journal of Development Studies, 26: 167–92. DÇKK (1989) “Ortak Geleceğimiz”, (Çev. Belkıs ÇORAKÇI), Türkiye Çevre
  • Sorunları Vakfı Yayını, Ankara, 496 s. DJANKOV, S. and B. HOEKMAN (2000) “Foreign Investment and Productivity
  • Growth in Czech Enterprises”. The World Bank Economic Review, 14/1: 49–64. DPT (2006) “Arazi Kullanımı ve Kıyı Alanlarının Yönetimi, Ulusal Çevre Eylem
  • Planı”, Mart 1997,s.60, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/cevre/eylempla/arazikul.pdf, (02.06.2006)
  • DÜNDAR, Y. (1997) “Sürdürülebilir Yasam Koşullu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma,
  • Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanması”, Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayını, Ankara. ENGLE R.F., and C.W.J. GRANGER (1987) “Cointegration and Error
  • Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, s.251– ESKELAND, G.S. and A.E. HARRISON (1997) “Moving to Greener Pastures:
  • Multinationals and Pollution-havens”, The World Bank Environment, Infrastructure and Agriculture Divisions: Policy Research Department, World Bank, Washington. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, (2001) “Report on Environment Policy and Sustainable Development: Preparing for the Gothenburg European Council”,
  • Reporter: A. Hulthén, Final A5-0171/2001, 15 May, s.15.
  • FEDDERKE, J.W. and A.T. ROMM (2006) Growth Impact and Determinants of
  • Foreign Direct Investment into South Africa, 1956–2003, Economic Modelling : 738–760.
  • FERHATOGLU, E. (2003) “Avrupa Birligi’nde Ortak Çevre Politikası
  • Çerçevesinde Çevre Vergileri”, e-yaklasım, sayı:3. GRANGER C.W.J., P.NEWBOLD (1974) “Spurious Regressions in
  • Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, 2 (2), s. 118. GRETHER, J.M. and J. de MELO (2003) “Gloablization and Dirty Industries: Do
  • Pollution Havens Matter?”, NBER Working Papers 9776, National Bureau of
  • Economic Research, Inc. GROSSMAN, G. and E. HELPMAN (1991) “Innovation and Growth in the Global
  • Economy”, MIT Press Cambridge, MA. GROSSMAN, G. M. and A. B. KRUEGER (1991), “Environmental Impact of a
  • North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Paper 3914.
  • HARRIS, M.N.; L. MATYAS and L. KONYA (2002) “Modelling the Impact of
  • Environmental Regulations on Bilateral Trade Flows: OECD 1990-96”, The World Economy, 25(3), 387-405.
  • HERZER, D.; S. KLASEN and F. NOWAK-LEHMANN D. (2008) “In Search of
  • FDI-led Growth in Developing Countries: The Way Forward”, Economic Modelling 25: 793-810. HOFFMANN, R.; C. LEE; B. RAMASAMY and M. YEUNG (2005) “FDI and Pollution: a Granger Causality Test Using Panel Data”, Journal of International Development, 17, 311–7.
  • IM K.S., MH PESARAN, Y SHIN (2003) “Testing for Unit Roots in
  • Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics 115, s. 53–74. JAVORCİK SMARZYNSKA, B. and S. WEI (2004) “Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?”, Contributions to
  • Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2), article 8. KARAKAYA, E., ÖZÇAG, M. (2007) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve İklim Değişikliği: Uygulanabilecek http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/manas.pdf, (04.03.2007) İktisadi Araçların Analizi”, ,
  • KOLSTAD, C.D. and Y. XING (1998) Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract
  • Foreign Investment?”, Department of Economics, UCSB, Departmental Working Papers, Paper wp28-98pt1. LEE, C.G. (2008) “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution and Economic Growth:
  • Evidence from Malaysia”, Applied Economics, 1-8. LETCHUMANAN R. and F. KODAMA (2000) “Reconciling the Conflict Between the “Pollution-haven” Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International
  • Technology Transfer”, Research Policy, Vol 29/: 59-79. LEVIN A., C. F. LIN, C.,S.J. CHU (2002) “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data:
  • Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108, 2002, s. 1–24.
  • LEVINE, R. and D. RENELT (1992) “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country
  • Growth Regressions”, American Economic Review 82: 942–963. LIST, J.A. and C.Y. CO (2000) “The Effects of Environmental Regulations on
  • Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 40, 1-20. LOW, P. and A. YEATES. (1992) "Do 'Dirty' Industries Migrate", in Low P (ed)
  • International Trade and the Environment, World Bank discussion paper, No. , 89-104. LUCAS, R.; P. WHEELER and H. HETTIGE (1992) “Economic Development,
  • Environmental Regulation and International Migration of Toxic Pollution 1960- ”, In Low (1992).
  • MABEY, N. and R. MCNALLY (1999) “Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: from Pollution Havens to Sustainable Development”, A WWF-UK Report.
  • MADDALA, G. S. and S. WU (1999) “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61: 631–52.
  • MANI M. and D. WHEELER (1998) “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty
  • Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995”, the Journal of Environment &
  • Development, Vol 7, No 3: 215-247. MANI, M. S. (1996) "Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical
  • Study," Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, 391-411. MARWAH, K. and L. KLEIN (1998) “What are Some Prospects for India’s
  • Joining the Asian Growth Process?”, in Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation: Theory and Practice, R. Hooley et al (editors), Research in Asian Economic Studies, Volume 7, Part B, JAI Press, pp.419-439. MERICAN, Y.; Z. YUSOP; Z. MOHD.NOOR and L. SIONG HOOK (2007)
  • “Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution in Five ASEAN Nations”, International Journal of Economics and Management 1(2): 245-261. MUTLU, A. (2006) “Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre
  • Kirlenmesi: Üretim,Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları”, 21.Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu: Kamu Maliyesinde Güncel Gelişmeler, Lara/ANTALYA,10-14 Mayıs NAIR-REICHERT, U. and D. WEİNHOLD (2001) “Causality Tests for Cross- country Panels: A New Look at FDI and Economic Growth in Developing
  • Countries”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63(2): 153–171. OECD (1992) “Environmental Policy: How to Apply Economic Instruments”, s.10.
  • ÖZAY, C ve A. YUMRUKAYA (2008) “Kyoto Protokolü’nin Kabulü Durumunda
  • Türkiye Sanayinde Meydana Gelecek Değişiklikler”, XI. İktisat Öğrencileri Kongresi, Küresel Isınma: Ekonomik, Politik ve Sosyal Etkiler 8-9 Mayıs 2008.
  • PEARCE D. W. , R. K. TURNER (1990) “The Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment”, Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • PEDRONI, P. (2001) "Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels,"
  • Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, 2001,s.727-731.
  • PEDRONI, P. (1999) “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous
  • Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, , s.653-70. PEDRONI., P. (2000) “Fully Modified Ols For Heterogeneous Cointegrated
  • Panels”, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Volume 15, s.93–130. PEDRONI, P. (1995) “Panel Cointegration; Asymptotic and Finite Sample
  • Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis”, Indiana University Working Papers in Economics, No. 95–013, Revised 4/97, 8/01, s. 4. RAMIREZ, M. D. (2006) “Is Foreign Direct Investment Beneficial for Mexico? An
  • Empirical Analysis, 1960-2001”, World Development Vol. 34/5: 802-817.
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There are 86 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA84JH82NC
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mine Yılmazer This is me

Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy This is me

Publication Date November 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yılmazer, M., & Açıkgöz Ersoy, B. (2009). POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. Ege Academic Review, 9(4), 1441-1462.
AMA Yılmazer M, Açıkgöz Ersoy B. POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. ear. November 2009;9(4):1441-1462.
Chicago Yılmazer, Mine, and Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy. “POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY”. Ege Academic Review 9, no. 4 (November 2009): 1441-62.
EndNote Yılmazer M, Açıkgöz Ersoy B (November 1, 2009) POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. Ege Academic Review 9 4 1441–1462.
IEEE M. Yılmazer and B. Açıkgöz Ersoy, “POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY”, ear, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1441–1462, 2009.
ISNAD Yılmazer, Mine - Açıkgöz Ersoy, Bernur. “POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY”. Ege Academic Review 9/4 (November 2009), 1441-1462.
JAMA Yılmazer M, Açıkgöz Ersoy B. POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. ear. 2009;9:1441–1462.
MLA Yılmazer, Mine and Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy. “POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 9, no. 4, 2009, pp. 1441-62.
Vancouver Yılmazer M, Açıkgöz Ersoy B. POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. ear. 2009;9(4):1441-62.