BİLGİ YÖNETİMİ VE ÖRGÜTSEL ETKİNLİK İLİŞKİSİ: ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜ VE ÖRGÜT YAPISININ TEMEL ETKİLERİ
Year 2010,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 71 - 93, 01.02.2010
Nigar Demircan Çakar
Sibel Yıldız
Serkan Dur
Abstract
Örgüt kültürü temelde paylaşılan değerler bütünü olarak tanımlanır ve bilgi yönetimi süreci için ön koşul niteliği taşır. Destekleyici nitelikte bir örgüt kültürü ve örgüt yapısı ile örgütsel bilgi yönetimi kolaylaşabilir ve örgütsel etkinlik de artırılabilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı örgüt kültürü ve örgüt yapısının bilgi yönetimi süreçleri ve örgütsel etkinliği ne şekilde etkilediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bunun yanında bu çalışmada bilgi yönetimi süreçlerinin örgütsel etkinlik üzerindeki doğrudan etkileri de araştırılmaktadır. Araştırma süreci anket çalışması ile yürütülmüş, örneklemi denetim ve bankacılık sektöründen çalışanlar oluşturmuştur. Çoklu regresyon analizleri ve hiyerarşik regresyon modelleri örgütsel yapı ve örgüt kültürünün bilgi yönetimi süreçleri üzerinde etkili olduğunu, bilgi yönetimi süreçlerinin de örgütsel etkinliği artırdığını ortaya çıkarmıştır
References
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and Performance in Estonian Schools with Regard to Their Size and Location”,
Baltic Journal of Economics, 7(1): 3-17.
- Almeida, P. (1996): “Knowledge Resourcing by Foreign Multinationals: Patent
Citation Analysis in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management
Journal, 7:155-165.
- Aktan, C.C., and Vural, İ.Y.(2004). “Bilgi Yönetimi
Nedir?”,http://www.canaktan.org/yeni-trendler/bilgi-yonetimi/bilgi-yon-nedir.htm
- Appleyard, M.M. (1996): “How does Knowledge Flow? Interfirm Patterns in the
Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management Journal, 7: 137-154.
- Argote, L, and Ingram, P. (2000); “Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive
Advantage in Firms”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision, 82(1):150-
169
- Audretsch, D. B. (2001): “Research Issues Relating to Structure, Competition,
and Performance of Small Technology-Based Firms”, Small Business
Economics, 16(1): 37–51.
- Awad, E. and Ghaziri, H. (2004): Knowledge Management. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Publishing. 8-32.
- Bailey, C. and Clarke, M. (2000): “How do Managers Use Knowledge about
Knowledge Management?”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(3):235-243.
- Barca M., and Geyik M. (2004); “Etkin Bilgi Üretimi İçin Örgütler Nasıl
Tasarlanmalıdır?”, http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/kongre/bildiriler/10-02.pdf
- Barquin R.C.: Bennet A., and Remez S.G. (2001): Knowledge Management:
The Catalyst for E-Government, Vienna, VA: Management Concepts, Inc.,
forcoming.
- Barutçugil, İ. (2002): Bilgi yönetimi. İstanbul: Kariyer Yayıncılık. 7-16.
Bassi, J.B. (1997); “Intellectual Capital”, Training & Development, December:
25-30.
- Beijerse, R. P. (1999): “Questions in Knowledge Management: Defining and
Conceptualizing a Phenomenon”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(2): 94-
109.
- Bharadwaj, S., Bhushan S., and Saxena, C., (2005): “Knowledge Management
in Global Software Teams”, Vikalpa, 30(4): 65-75.
- Bogenrieder, I., and Nooteboom, B. (2004): “Learning groups: What types are
there? A theoretical analysis and an empirical study in a consultancy firm”.
Organization Studies, 25(2), 287–313.
- Brooking, A. (1997): “The Management of Intellectual Capital”, Long, Range
Planning, 30(3): 364-365.
- Bülbül, H. (2008): “Bilgi yönetim modellerinin üretim ve firma performansına
etkisi”,http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos_mak
- Büyüköztürk, Ş.(2002): Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Pegem A. Yayıncılık. Ankara. 10-
48.
- Carneiro, A. (2000): “How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation
and Competitiveness?”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(2): 87-98.
- Calori, R. and Sarnin, P. (1991): “Corporate Culture and Economic
Performance: A French Study”, Organization Studies, 12:49-74.
- Chen, C.-J., and Huang, J.-W. (2007): “How organizational climate and structure
affect knowledge management: The social interaction perspective”. International
Journal of Information Management, 27, 104–118.
- Darroch, J. and Naughton, R.M. (2003): “Beyond Market Orientation:
Knowledge Management and the Innovativeness of New Zealand Firms”,
European Journal of Marketing, 37(3-4), 572-593.
- Davenport. T. and Klahr, P.(1998): “Managing Customer Support Knowledge”.
Califomia Management Review, 40:195-208.
- Demir, H, and Okan, T (2008): “Teknoloji, Örgüt Yapısı Ve Performans
Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, 16. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon
Kongresi El Kitabı.
- Demircan, N.(2003): “Örgütsel Güvenin Bir Ara Değişken Olarak Örgütsel
Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Eğitim Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”, Yayınlanmamış
Doktora Tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
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York, John Wiley. 22-60.
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Culture and Effectiveness”, Organization Science, 6(2). 204-223.
- Deshpande, R. and Farley J. U. (2004); “Organizational Culture, Market
Orientation, Innovativeness, and Firm Performance: An International Research
Odyssey”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21:3-22.
- Dyer, J.H. (1997): “Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize
Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value”, Strategic Management
Journal, 18:535-556
- Fugate, B.S., Stank, T.P., and Mentzer, J.T., (2009): “Linking Improved
Knowledge Management to Operational and Organizational Performance”,
Journal of Operations Management, 27: 247-264.
- Ghani, K.A., Jayanalan, V., and Sugumar, M,. (2002): “Impact of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology on Organizational Structure”, the Journal of High
Technology Management Research, 13:157-175.
- Gold, H.A., Malhotra, A.,and Segars, A.H,. (2001): “Knowledge Management:
An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information
Systems”,18: 185-214.
- Gordon, G. G. and DiTomaso, N. (1992): “Predicting Corporate Performance
from Organizational Culture”, Journal of Management Studies, 29(6): 783-798.
Gümüştekin G.E. (2008): “Bilgi Yönetiminin Stratejik Önemi”,
www.genbilim.com.
- Heskel, J. (1999): “Small Firms, Contracting-out, Computers and Wage
Inequality: Evidence from UK Manufacturing”. Economica, 66: 1–21.
- Inkpen. A. (1996): “Creating Knowledge Through Collaboration”, California
Management Review, 39:123-141.
- Inkpen, A, and Dinur. A.(1998): “Knowledge Management Processes and
International Joint Ventures”, Organization Science. 9(4): 454-468.
- Jarrar, Y.F. (2002): “Knowledge Management: Learning for Organisational
Experience”, Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(7).
- Kimura, F. (2002): “Subcontracting and the Performance of Small and Medium
Firms in Japan”, Small Business Economics 18(3), 163–175.
- Kivijarvi, H. (2004): “Knowledge Conversion in Organizational Context: A
Framework and Experiments”, Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, 1-10,
http://Csdl2.Computer.org/comp/proceedings/hicss/2004/2056/08/2056 80
242a.pdf.
- Koene, B.A.S. (1996): “Organizational Culture, Leadership and Performance in
Context: Trust And Rationality in Organizations”. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg.
- Kotter, J.P. and Heskett, J.L. (1992): Corporate Culture and Performance, The
Free Press, New York. 40-77.
- Lei, D., Hitt, M.A., and Bettis, R,. (1996): Dynamic Core Competences Through
Met Learning And Strategic Context, Journal of Management, 22(4):549-569.
- Lim, B. (1995): “Examining the Organizational Culture and Organizational
Performance Link”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal 16(5):16-
21.
- Marcoulides G. and Heck R. (1993): “Organizational Culture and Performance:
Proposing and Testing a Model”. Organization Science, 4(2): 209-225.
- McEvily, S. K. and Chakravarthy, B. (2002): “The Persistence of Knowledgebased
Advantage: an Empirical Test for Product Performance and
Technological Knowledge”, Strategic Management Journal, 23, 285-305.
- Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982): An Evolutionary Theory of Economic
Change, Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Nickell, S. J. (1996): “Competition and Corporate Performance”, Journal of
Political Economy, 104(4): 724–746.
- Nickell, S., Nicolitsas. D., and N. Dryden., (1997): What Makes Firms Perform
Well?, European Economic Review, 41(3): 783–796.
- Nunally, J.C. (1978): Psychometric theory, New York, McGraw-Hill.
- O’Dell CA. (1997): A Current Review of Knowledge Management Best Practice.
Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practices.
Business Intelligence: London.
- Oghonna, E. and Harris, L. (2000): “Leadership style, Organizational Culture
and Performance: Empirical Evidence from UK Companies”. International
Journal of Human Resource Management 11(4): 766-788.
- Onken, M. H. (1999): “Temporal Elements Of Organizational Culture And
Impact on Firm Performance”. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(3/4): 231-
243.
- Özdemirci, F. and Aydın, C.(2008): “Kurumsal Bilgi Kaynakları ve Bilgi
Yönetimi”. Türk Kütüphaneciliği. 22(1) 59-81.
- Petrash, G. (1996): Managing Knowledge Assets for Value. Knowledge-Based
Leadership Conference. Linkage Inc.: Boston, October.
- Petty, M.M., Beadles, N.A., Lowery C.M., Chapman, D.E., Connel, D.W (1995):
“Relationships Between Organizational Culture and Organizational
Performance”, Psychological Reports, 76:483-492.
- Robson, P. J.A. and Bennett, R. J. (2000): “SME Growth: The Relationship
with Business Advice and External Collaboration”, Small Business Economics,
15(3):193–208.
- Rousseau D.M. (1990): “Normative Beliefs in Fund-Raising Organizations”,
Group & Organization Management, 15(4), 448-460.
- Sarvay, M. (1999): “Knowledge Management and Competition in The
Consulting Industry”. California Management Review, 41(2): 95–107.
- Smith P. (2002): “A Performance Based Approach to Knowledge Management”,
Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, March.
Skyrme, D. and Amidon. D. (1998): “New Measures of Success”. Journal of
Business Strategy, January/February: 20-24.
- Soliman, F. and Spooner, K. (2000): “Strategies for Implementing Knowledge
Management: Role of Human Resource Management”, Journal of Knowledge
Management, 4(4), 337-345.
- Spender, J.C. (1996): “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of
the Firm”, Strategic Management Journal. 7: 45-62.
- Starbuck, W.H. (1983): “Organizations as Action Generators”, American
Sociological Review, 48:91-102.
- Teece. D. (1998): “Capturing Value From Knowledge Assets: The New
Economy, Markets for Know How and Intangible Assets”. California
Management Review. 40(3):55-79.
- Yeung, A. C. L., , Lai, K., and Yee, R. W,. (2007): “Organizational Learning,
Innovativeness, and Organizational Performance: A Qualitative Investigation”,
International Journal of Production Research, 45(11): 2459–2477.
- Wiig, K. M. (1997): “Knowledge Management: An Introduction and
Perspective”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1): 6-14.
- Willem, A. and Buelens, M. (2009): “Knowledge Sharing in İnter-Unit
Cooperative Episodes: The Impact of Organizational Structure Dimensions,”
International Journal of Information Management , 29, 151-160.
- Zander, U., and Kogut. B.(1995): “Knowledge and The .Speed of the Transfer
and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test”, Organization
Science, 6: 76-92.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: THE EFFECTS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND STRUCTURE
Year 2010,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 71 - 93, 01.02.2010
Nigar Demircan Çakar
Sibel Yıldız
Serkan Dur
Abstract
Organizational culture is defined as an organization’s shared values and concerned as a precondition for knowledge management processes. Supportive organizational culture and structure may also enable to increase organizational effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of organizational culture and structure on knowledge management processes as well as organizational effectiveness. Additionally, in this study direct effects of knowledge management processes on organizational effectiveness are also investigated. The research process was conducted using structured questionnaires, and the sample included employees from auditing and banking sectors. Multiple regression analyses and hierarchical regression models demonstrated that organizational culture and structure affect knowledge management processes and these processes increase organizational effectiveness if managed properly
References
- Aidla, A. and Vadi, M. (2007): “Relationships between Organizational Culture
and Performance in Estonian Schools with Regard to Their Size and Location”,
Baltic Journal of Economics, 7(1): 3-17.
- Almeida, P. (1996): “Knowledge Resourcing by Foreign Multinationals: Patent
Citation Analysis in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management
Journal, 7:155-165.
- Aktan, C.C., and Vural, İ.Y.(2004). “Bilgi Yönetimi
Nedir?”,http://www.canaktan.org/yeni-trendler/bilgi-yonetimi/bilgi-yon-nedir.htm
- Appleyard, M.M. (1996): “How does Knowledge Flow? Interfirm Patterns in the
Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management Journal, 7: 137-154.
- Argote, L, and Ingram, P. (2000); “Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive
Advantage in Firms”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision, 82(1):150-
169
- Audretsch, D. B. (2001): “Research Issues Relating to Structure, Competition,
and Performance of Small Technology-Based Firms”, Small Business
Economics, 16(1): 37–51.
- Awad, E. and Ghaziri, H. (2004): Knowledge Management. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Publishing. 8-32.
- Bailey, C. and Clarke, M. (2000): “How do Managers Use Knowledge about
Knowledge Management?”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(3):235-243.
- Barca M., and Geyik M. (2004); “Etkin Bilgi Üretimi İçin Örgütler Nasıl
Tasarlanmalıdır?”, http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/kongre/bildiriler/10-02.pdf
- Barquin R.C.: Bennet A., and Remez S.G. (2001): Knowledge Management:
The Catalyst for E-Government, Vienna, VA: Management Concepts, Inc.,
forcoming.
- Barutçugil, İ. (2002): Bilgi yönetimi. İstanbul: Kariyer Yayıncılık. 7-16.
Bassi, J.B. (1997); “Intellectual Capital”, Training & Development, December:
25-30.
- Beijerse, R. P. (1999): “Questions in Knowledge Management: Defining and
Conceptualizing a Phenomenon”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(2): 94-
109.
- Bharadwaj, S., Bhushan S., and Saxena, C., (2005): “Knowledge Management
in Global Software Teams”, Vikalpa, 30(4): 65-75.
- Bogenrieder, I., and Nooteboom, B. (2004): “Learning groups: What types are
there? A theoretical analysis and an empirical study in a consultancy firm”.
Organization Studies, 25(2), 287–313.
- Brooking, A. (1997): “The Management of Intellectual Capital”, Long, Range
Planning, 30(3): 364-365.
- Bülbül, H. (2008): “Bilgi yönetim modellerinin üretim ve firma performansına
etkisi”,http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos_mak
- Büyüköztürk, Ş.(2002): Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Pegem A. Yayıncılık. Ankara. 10-
48.
- Carneiro, A. (2000): “How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation
and Competitiveness?”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(2): 87-98.
- Calori, R. and Sarnin, P. (1991): “Corporate Culture and Economic
Performance: A French Study”, Organization Studies, 12:49-74.
- Chen, C.-J., and Huang, J.-W. (2007): “How organizational climate and structure
affect knowledge management: The social interaction perspective”. International
Journal of Information Management, 27, 104–118.
- Darroch, J. and Naughton, R.M. (2003): “Beyond Market Orientation:
Knowledge Management and the Innovativeness of New Zealand Firms”,
European Journal of Marketing, 37(3-4), 572-593.
- Davenport. T. and Klahr, P.(1998): “Managing Customer Support Knowledge”.
Califomia Management Review, 40:195-208.
- Demir, H, and Okan, T (2008): “Teknoloji, Örgüt Yapısı Ve Performans
Arasındaki İlişkiler Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, 16. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon
Kongresi El Kitabı.
- Demircan, N.(2003): “Örgütsel Güvenin Bir Ara Değişken Olarak Örgütsel
Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Eğitim Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”, Yayınlanmamış
Doktora Tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Denison, D.R. (1990): Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. New
York, John Wiley. 22-60.
- Denison, D.R. and Mishra A.K. (1995): “Toward a Theory of Organizational
Culture and Effectiveness”, Organization Science, 6(2). 204-223.
- Deshpande, R. and Farley J. U. (2004); “Organizational Culture, Market
Orientation, Innovativeness, and Firm Performance: An International Research
Odyssey”, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21:3-22.
- Dyer, J.H. (1997): “Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize
Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value”, Strategic Management
Journal, 18:535-556
- Fugate, B.S., Stank, T.P., and Mentzer, J.T., (2009): “Linking Improved
Knowledge Management to Operational and Organizational Performance”,
Journal of Operations Management, 27: 247-264.
- Ghani, K.A., Jayanalan, V., and Sugumar, M,. (2002): “Impact of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology on Organizational Structure”, the Journal of High
Technology Management Research, 13:157-175.
- Gold, H.A., Malhotra, A.,and Segars, A.H,. (2001): “Knowledge Management:
An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information
Systems”,18: 185-214.
- Gordon, G. G. and DiTomaso, N. (1992): “Predicting Corporate Performance
from Organizational Culture”, Journal of Management Studies, 29(6): 783-798.
Gümüştekin G.E. (2008): “Bilgi Yönetiminin Stratejik Önemi”,
www.genbilim.com.
- Heskel, J. (1999): “Small Firms, Contracting-out, Computers and Wage
Inequality: Evidence from UK Manufacturing”. Economica, 66: 1–21.
- Inkpen. A. (1996): “Creating Knowledge Through Collaboration”, California
Management Review, 39:123-141.
- Inkpen, A, and Dinur. A.(1998): “Knowledge Management Processes and
International Joint Ventures”, Organization Science. 9(4): 454-468.
- Jarrar, Y.F. (2002): “Knowledge Management: Learning for Organisational
Experience”, Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(7).
- Kimura, F. (2002): “Subcontracting and the Performance of Small and Medium
Firms in Japan”, Small Business Economics 18(3), 163–175.
- Kivijarvi, H. (2004): “Knowledge Conversion in Organizational Context: A
Framework and Experiments”, Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, 1-10,
http://Csdl2.Computer.org/comp/proceedings/hicss/2004/2056/08/2056 80
242a.pdf.
- Koene, B.A.S. (1996): “Organizational Culture, Leadership and Performance in
Context: Trust And Rationality in Organizations”. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg.
- Kotter, J.P. and Heskett, J.L. (1992): Corporate Culture and Performance, The
Free Press, New York. 40-77.
- Lei, D., Hitt, M.A., and Bettis, R,. (1996): Dynamic Core Competences Through
Met Learning And Strategic Context, Journal of Management, 22(4):549-569.
- Lim, B. (1995): “Examining the Organizational Culture and Organizational
Performance Link”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal 16(5):16-
21.
- Marcoulides G. and Heck R. (1993): “Organizational Culture and Performance:
Proposing and Testing a Model”. Organization Science, 4(2): 209-225.
- McEvily, S. K. and Chakravarthy, B. (2002): “The Persistence of Knowledgebased
Advantage: an Empirical Test for Product Performance and
Technological Knowledge”, Strategic Management Journal, 23, 285-305.
- Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982): An Evolutionary Theory of Economic
Change, Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Nickell, S. J. (1996): “Competition and Corporate Performance”, Journal of
Political Economy, 104(4): 724–746.
- Nickell, S., Nicolitsas. D., and N. Dryden., (1997): What Makes Firms Perform
Well?, European Economic Review, 41(3): 783–796.
- Nunally, J.C. (1978): Psychometric theory, New York, McGraw-Hill.
- O’Dell CA. (1997): A Current Review of Knowledge Management Best Practice.
Conference on Knowledge Management and the Transfer of Best Practices.
Business Intelligence: London.
- Oghonna, E. and Harris, L. (2000): “Leadership style, Organizational Culture
and Performance: Empirical Evidence from UK Companies”. International
Journal of Human Resource Management 11(4): 766-788.
- Onken, M. H. (1999): “Temporal Elements Of Organizational Culture And
Impact on Firm Performance”. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(3/4): 231-
243.
- Özdemirci, F. and Aydın, C.(2008): “Kurumsal Bilgi Kaynakları ve Bilgi
Yönetimi”. Türk Kütüphaneciliği. 22(1) 59-81.
- Petrash, G. (1996): Managing Knowledge Assets for Value. Knowledge-Based
Leadership Conference. Linkage Inc.: Boston, October.
- Petty, M.M., Beadles, N.A., Lowery C.M., Chapman, D.E., Connel, D.W (1995):
“Relationships Between Organizational Culture and Organizational
Performance”, Psychological Reports, 76:483-492.
- Robson, P. J.A. and Bennett, R. J. (2000): “SME Growth: The Relationship
with Business Advice and External Collaboration”, Small Business Economics,
15(3):193–208.
- Rousseau D.M. (1990): “Normative Beliefs in Fund-Raising Organizations”,
Group & Organization Management, 15(4), 448-460.
- Sarvay, M. (1999): “Knowledge Management and Competition in The
Consulting Industry”. California Management Review, 41(2): 95–107.
- Smith P. (2002): “A Performance Based Approach to Knowledge Management”,
Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, March.
Skyrme, D. and Amidon. D. (1998): “New Measures of Success”. Journal of
Business Strategy, January/February: 20-24.
- Soliman, F. and Spooner, K. (2000): “Strategies for Implementing Knowledge
Management: Role of Human Resource Management”, Journal of Knowledge
Management, 4(4), 337-345.
- Spender, J.C. (1996): “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of
the Firm”, Strategic Management Journal. 7: 45-62.
- Starbuck, W.H. (1983): “Organizations as Action Generators”, American
Sociological Review, 48:91-102.
- Teece. D. (1998): “Capturing Value From Knowledge Assets: The New
Economy, Markets for Know How and Intangible Assets”. California
Management Review. 40(3):55-79.
- Yeung, A. C. L., , Lai, K., and Yee, R. W,. (2007): “Organizational Learning,
Innovativeness, and Organizational Performance: A Qualitative Investigation”,
International Journal of Production Research, 45(11): 2459–2477.
- Wiig, K. M. (1997): “Knowledge Management: An Introduction and
Perspective”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1): 6-14.
- Willem, A. and Buelens, M. (2009): “Knowledge Sharing in İnter-Unit
Cooperative Episodes: The Impact of Organizational Structure Dimensions,”
International Journal of Information Management , 29, 151-160.
- Zander, U., and Kogut. B.(1995): “Knowledge and The .Speed of the Transfer
and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test”, Organization
Science, 6: 76-92.