Marka Kişiliği Algısı İle Etnosentrik Eğilimler Arasındaki İlişki: Levıs ve Mavi Jeans Üzerine Bir Uygulama
Year 2011,
Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 361 - 377, 01.08.2011
Duygu Güngör Özçelik
Ömer Torlak
Abstract
Ürünlerin benzeşmesi ve farklılaşmanın önemli hale gelmesiyle birlikte, marka imajı ve marka algısı pazarlamada ön plana çıkmaktadır. Marka imaj ve algısının güçlendirilmesi yanında farklılaştırmaya katkısı dikkate alındığında marka kişiliği kavramı önemli hale gelmektedir. Öte yandan ürün ve marka tercihlerinde kültürel değerlerin etkisi de göz ardı edilemez. Kültürel değerler bağlamında etnosentrik eğilimler de önemlidir. Bu çalışmada tüketicilerin marka kişiliği algıları ile etnosentrik eğilimleri arasında ilişkinin olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Marka kişiliği algıları Aksoy ve Özsomer (2007) tarafından geliştirilen marka kişiliği ölçeği, tüketici etnosentrizmi ise Shimp ve Sharma (1987)’a ait CETSCALE ölçeği ile ölçülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları, tüketicilerin araştırma konusu markaları çalışmada kullanılan orijinal marka kişiliği ölçeğine göre farklı algıladıklarını göstermiştir. Marka kişiliği algısı ile etnosentrik eğilimler arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu anlaşılmıştır
References
- Aaker, A. D. ve K. L. Keller (1990) “Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions” Journal of Marketing, 54(1):27-41.
- Aaker, J. (1997) “Dimensions of Brand Personality” Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3):347-356.
- Adomo, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik Else, J. Daniel Le- vinson ve R. Nevitt Sanford (1950) The Authoritarian Personality. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., New York.
- Akgün, S. (2008) Reklam Müziğinin Marka Kişiliği Oluşumuna Katkısı: Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yük- sek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi Soysal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Aksoy, L. ve A. Özsomer (2007) “Türkiye’de Marka Kişiliği Oluşturan Boyutlar” 12. Ulusal Pazarlama Kong- resi Bildiriler Kitabı, Sakarya Üniversitesi, 1-14.
- Arı, E. S. (2007) Satın Alma Kararlarında Tüketici Etnosentrizmi ve Menşe Ülke Etkisinin Rolü, Yayınlanma- mış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
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- Bandyopadhyay, S. ve M. Muhammad, “Consumer Ethnocentrism in South Asia” www.sbaer.uca.edu/rese- arch/sma/1999/26.pdf
- Bannister, J. P. ve J. A. Saunders (2001) “UK Con- sumers’ Attitudes Towards Imports: The Measurement of National Stereotype Image” European Journal of Marke- ting, 12 (8):562-570.
- Caprara, G. V., C. Barbaranelli, ve G. Guido (2001) “ Brand personality: How to Make The Metaphor Fit” Journal of Economic Psychology, 22:377–395.
- Chao, P. ve P. B. Gupta. (1995) “Information Search and Efficiency of Consumer Choices of New Cars: COO Effects” International Marketing Review. 12(6):47-59.
- Ettenson, R. ve G. Gaeth. (1991) “Commentary Consumer Perceptions of Hybrid (Bi-Natioanal) Pro- ducts” The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 8(4):13-18.
- Geuens, M., B. Weijters ve K. De Wulf (2009) “A New Measure of Brand Personality” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26:97-107.
- Ha, C. L. (1998) “The Influence of Consumer Eth- nocentrism and Product Characteristics on Country of Origin Effects: A Comparison Between U.S. Consumers and Korean Consumers” Doktora Tezi, Arlington, Fa- culty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas.
- Han, C. M. (1988) “The Role of Consumer Pat- riotism in the Choice of Domestic Versus Foreign Pro- ducts” Journal of Advertising Research, 2(5):25-32.
- Herche, J. (1994) “Ethonecentric Tendencies, Mar- keting Strategy and Import Purchase Behaviour” Inter- national Marketing Review, 11(3):4-16.
- Hong, S. T. ve R.S. Wyer (1989) “Effects of Country of Origin and Product Attribute Information on Product Evaluation” Journal of Consumer Research, 16:175-187.
- Javalgi, R. G., V. P. Khare, A. C. Gross ve R. F. Sche- rer (2005) “An Application of the Consumer Ethnocent- rism Model to French Consumers” International Business Review, 14:325–344.
- Keller, K.L. (1993) “Conceptualizing Measuring and Managing Customer Based Equity” Journal of Marketing, 57(1):1-22.
- Klein, J. G., R. Ettenson ve M. D. Morris (1998), “The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People’s Republic of China”, Jour- nal of Marketing, 62(1): 89-100.
- Knight, G. A. (1999) “Consumer Preferences For Foreign and Domestic Products” Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(2):151-162.
- Küçükemiroğlu, O. (1999) “Market Segmentation by Using Consumer Lifestyle Dimensions and Ethno- centrism” European Journal of Marketing, 33(5-6):470- 487.
- Lanz, G. ve S. Loeb (1996) “Country of Origin and Ethnocentrism: An Analysis of Canadian and American Preferences Using Sociai Identity Theory” Advances in Consumer Research, 23(1):374-378.
- Netemeyer, R. G., S. Durvasula ve D. R. Lichtenste- in (1991) “A Cross-National Assessment of the Reliabi- lity and Validity of the CETSCALE” Journal of Marke- ting Research, 28(3):320-327.
- Okechuku, C. (1994) The Importance of Product COO, European Journal of Marketing. 28(4):5-19.
- Olsen, J. E, K. L. Granzin, ve A. Biswas, A., (1993) “Influencing Consumers’ Selection of Domestic versus Imported Products: Implications for Marketing Based on m Model of Helping Behavior” Journal of the Aca- demy of Marketing Science, 21(4):307-321.
- Orth, U. R. Ve Z. Firbasova (2002) “Ethnocentrism and Consumer Evaluations of Czech Made Yoghurt” Ag- riculture Economy, 48(4):175-181.
- Ruyter, K., M. Birgelen ve M. Wetzels (1998) “Con- sumer Ethnocentrism in International Services Marke- ting” International Business Review, 7:185–202.
- Saptarshi, P. (2009) “Brand Personality: An Empri- cal Study of Four Brands in India” The Icfaian Journal of Management Research, 2(4):7-20.
- Shankarmahesh, M. N. (2006) “Consumer Eth- nocentrism: An İntegrative Review of Its Antecedents and Consequences” International Marketing Review, 23(2):146-172.
- Shimp, T. A ve S. Sharma (1987) “Consumer Ethno- centrism: Construction and Validation of CETSCALE” Journal of Marketing Research, 24(8), 280-289.
- Shimp, T. A. (1984) “Consumer Ethnocentrism: The Concept and Preliminary Emprical Test” Advances in Consumer Research, 11:285-290.
- Sumner, W. G. (1959) Folkways: A Study of the Soci- ological İmportance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals, Boston, Ginn and Company.
- Supphellen, M. ve T. L. Rittenburg (2001) “Consu- mer Ethnocentrism When Foreign Products Are Better” Psychology & Marketing,18(9):907–927.
- Supphellen, M. ve K. Grİnhaug (2003) “Building Foreign Brand Personalities in Russia: The Moderating Effect of Consumer Ethnocentrism” International Jour- nal of Advertising, 22(2):203-226.
- Sweeney J. C. ve C. Brandon (2006) “Brand Per- sonality Exploring the Potential to Move from Factor Analytical to Circumplex Models” Psychology and Mar- keting, 23(8):639-663.
- Upadhyay, Y. ve S. K. Singh (2006) “Preference for Domestic Goods: A Study of Consumer Ethnocentrism” The Journal of Business Perspective, 10(3):59-68.
- Uzkurt, C. ve M. Özmen (2004) “Tüketici Etno- sentrizmi ve Ülke Orijini Etkisinin Tüketicilerin Yerli ve Yabancı Ürünlere Yönelik Tutumlarına Etkileri” 9. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, 262-274.
- Wang, X. ve Z. Yang (2008) “Does Country-of- Origin Matter in the Relationship Between Brand Perso- nality and Purchase Intention in Emerging Economies?” International Marketing Review, 25(4):458-474.
- Watson, J. J. ve K. Wright (1999) “Consumer Eth- nocentrism and Attitudes Toward Domestic and Fo- reign Products” European Journal of Marketing, 34 (9- 10):1149-1166.
- Yener, D. (2007) Marka Çağrışım Unsurlarının Mar- ka Kişiliği Üzerine Etkisi: Sütaş Markası Üzerine Bir Uy- gulama, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Zel, U. (2000) “Yönetimde Kişilik Kavramının Öne- mi: Türk ve İngiliz Yöneticilerin Mesleki Kişilik Özellik- lerini Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi” 8. Ulusal Yö- netim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, İstanbul, 325-338.
Relationship between Brand Personality Perceptions and Ethnocentric Tendencies: An Application on LEVIS and MAVI JEANS
Year 2011,
Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 361 - 377, 01.08.2011
Duygu Güngör Özçelik
Ömer Torlak
Abstract
Brand image and brand perception comes to the fore in marketing, along with the affinity and differentiation of products has become important. The concept of brand personality is becoming important when considering the contribution of differentiation besides strengthening the brand image and perception of the concept. On the other hand, the effect of cultural values on product and brand preference also cannot be ignored. Ethnocentric tendencies are also important in the context of cultural values. In this study, it is examined that if there is a relationship between the consumers’ brand personality perception and ethnocentric tendencies or not.Brand personality perceptions are measured by the brand personality scale which is develop by Aksoy & Özsomer (2007) and Shimdt & Sharma (1987)’s CETSCALE is used for measuring etnhnocentric tendencies. The survey results showed that consumers perceieved the research brands different according to the original brand personality scale that is used in the study. It is understood that there is a significant relationship between consumers’ brand personality perceptions and their ethnocentric tendencies
References
- Aaker, A. D. ve K. L. Keller (1990) “Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions” Journal of Marketing, 54(1):27-41.
- Aaker, J. (1997) “Dimensions of Brand Personality” Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3):347-356.
- Adomo, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik Else, J. Daniel Le- vinson ve R. Nevitt Sanford (1950) The Authoritarian Personality. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., New York.
- Akgün, S. (2008) Reklam Müziğinin Marka Kişiliği Oluşumuna Katkısı: Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yük- sek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi Soysal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Aksoy, L. ve A. Özsomer (2007) “Türkiye’de Marka Kişiliği Oluşturan Boyutlar” 12. Ulusal Pazarlama Kong- resi Bildiriler Kitabı, Sakarya Üniversitesi, 1-14.
- Arı, E. S. (2007) Satın Alma Kararlarında Tüketici Etnosentrizmi ve Menşe Ülke Etkisinin Rolü, Yayınlanma- mış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Aysuna, C. (2006) Tüketici Etnosentrizmi Etkisini Ölçmede CETSCALE Ölçeği ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Ya- yınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Bandyopadhyay, S. ve M. Muhammad, “Consumer Ethnocentrism in South Asia” www.sbaer.uca.edu/rese- arch/sma/1999/26.pdf
- Bannister, J. P. ve J. A. Saunders (2001) “UK Con- sumers’ Attitudes Towards Imports: The Measurement of National Stereotype Image” European Journal of Marke- ting, 12 (8):562-570.
- Caprara, G. V., C. Barbaranelli, ve G. Guido (2001) “ Brand personality: How to Make The Metaphor Fit” Journal of Economic Psychology, 22:377–395.
- Chao, P. ve P. B. Gupta. (1995) “Information Search and Efficiency of Consumer Choices of New Cars: COO Effects” International Marketing Review. 12(6):47-59.
- Ettenson, R. ve G. Gaeth. (1991) “Commentary Consumer Perceptions of Hybrid (Bi-Natioanal) Pro- ducts” The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 8(4):13-18.
- Geuens, M., B. Weijters ve K. De Wulf (2009) “A New Measure of Brand Personality” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26:97-107.
- Ha, C. L. (1998) “The Influence of Consumer Eth- nocentrism and Product Characteristics on Country of Origin Effects: A Comparison Between U.S. Consumers and Korean Consumers” Doktora Tezi, Arlington, Fa- culty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas.
- Han, C. M. (1988) “The Role of Consumer Pat- riotism in the Choice of Domestic Versus Foreign Pro- ducts” Journal of Advertising Research, 2(5):25-32.
- Herche, J. (1994) “Ethonecentric Tendencies, Mar- keting Strategy and Import Purchase Behaviour” Inter- national Marketing Review, 11(3):4-16.
- Hong, S. T. ve R.S. Wyer (1989) “Effects of Country of Origin and Product Attribute Information on Product Evaluation” Journal of Consumer Research, 16:175-187.
- Javalgi, R. G., V. P. Khare, A. C. Gross ve R. F. Sche- rer (2005) “An Application of the Consumer Ethnocent- rism Model to French Consumers” International Business Review, 14:325–344.
- Keller, K.L. (1993) “Conceptualizing Measuring and Managing Customer Based Equity” Journal of Marketing, 57(1):1-22.
- Klein, J. G., R. Ettenson ve M. D. Morris (1998), “The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People’s Republic of China”, Jour- nal of Marketing, 62(1): 89-100.
- Knight, G. A. (1999) “Consumer Preferences For Foreign and Domestic Products” Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(2):151-162.
- Küçükemiroğlu, O. (1999) “Market Segmentation by Using Consumer Lifestyle Dimensions and Ethno- centrism” European Journal of Marketing, 33(5-6):470- 487.
- Lanz, G. ve S. Loeb (1996) “Country of Origin and Ethnocentrism: An Analysis of Canadian and American Preferences Using Sociai Identity Theory” Advances in Consumer Research, 23(1):374-378.
- Netemeyer, R. G., S. Durvasula ve D. R. Lichtenste- in (1991) “A Cross-National Assessment of the Reliabi- lity and Validity of the CETSCALE” Journal of Marke- ting Research, 28(3):320-327.
- Okechuku, C. (1994) The Importance of Product COO, European Journal of Marketing. 28(4):5-19.
- Olsen, J. E, K. L. Granzin, ve A. Biswas, A., (1993) “Influencing Consumers’ Selection of Domestic versus Imported Products: Implications for Marketing Based on m Model of Helping Behavior” Journal of the Aca- demy of Marketing Science, 21(4):307-321.
- Orth, U. R. Ve Z. Firbasova (2002) “Ethnocentrism and Consumer Evaluations of Czech Made Yoghurt” Ag- riculture Economy, 48(4):175-181.
- Ruyter, K., M. Birgelen ve M. Wetzels (1998) “Con- sumer Ethnocentrism in International Services Marke- ting” International Business Review, 7:185–202.
- Saptarshi, P. (2009) “Brand Personality: An Empri- cal Study of Four Brands in India” The Icfaian Journal of Management Research, 2(4):7-20.
- Shankarmahesh, M. N. (2006) “Consumer Eth- nocentrism: An İntegrative Review of Its Antecedents and Consequences” International Marketing Review, 23(2):146-172.
- Shimp, T. A ve S. Sharma (1987) “Consumer Ethno- centrism: Construction and Validation of CETSCALE” Journal of Marketing Research, 24(8), 280-289.
- Shimp, T. A. (1984) “Consumer Ethnocentrism: The Concept and Preliminary Emprical Test” Advances in Consumer Research, 11:285-290.
- Sumner, W. G. (1959) Folkways: A Study of the Soci- ological İmportance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals, Boston, Ginn and Company.
- Supphellen, M. ve T. L. Rittenburg (2001) “Consu- mer Ethnocentrism When Foreign Products Are Better” Psychology & Marketing,18(9):907–927.
- Supphellen, M. ve K. Grİnhaug (2003) “Building Foreign Brand Personalities in Russia: The Moderating Effect of Consumer Ethnocentrism” International Jour- nal of Advertising, 22(2):203-226.
- Sweeney J. C. ve C. Brandon (2006) “Brand Per- sonality Exploring the Potential to Move from Factor Analytical to Circumplex Models” Psychology and Mar- keting, 23(8):639-663.
- Upadhyay, Y. ve S. K. Singh (2006) “Preference for Domestic Goods: A Study of Consumer Ethnocentrism” The Journal of Business Perspective, 10(3):59-68.
- Uzkurt, C. ve M. Özmen (2004) “Tüketici Etno- sentrizmi ve Ülke Orijini Etkisinin Tüketicilerin Yerli ve Yabancı Ürünlere Yönelik Tutumlarına Etkileri” 9. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi, 262-274.
- Wang, X. ve Z. Yang (2008) “Does Country-of- Origin Matter in the Relationship Between Brand Perso- nality and Purchase Intention in Emerging Economies?” International Marketing Review, 25(4):458-474.
- Watson, J. J. ve K. Wright (1999) “Consumer Eth- nocentrism and Attitudes Toward Domestic and Fo- reign Products” European Journal of Marketing, 34 (9- 10):1149-1166.
- Yener, D. (2007) Marka Çağrışım Unsurlarının Mar- ka Kişiliği Üzerine Etkisi: Sütaş Markası Üzerine Bir Uy- gulama, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Zel, U. (2000) “Yönetimde Kişilik Kavramının Öne- mi: Türk ve İngiliz Yöneticilerin Mesleki Kişilik Özellik- lerini Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İncelenmesi” 8. Ulusal Yö- netim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, İstanbul, 325-338.