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Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 379 - 394, 01.05.2016

Abstract

The purpose of the dissertation is to put forward the possibility of middle income trap and the social and economic indicators to help avoid it for a selected group of upper middle income countries by employing convergence and panel data analyses during the period of 1982-2012. Unconditional convergence analysis demonstrated that initial per capita income level of relevant country group increased during the period. Country performances are separately analyzed through unit root analysis and it was shown that 15 of the countries converged to the high income countries while the rest 13 diverged. Panel data analyses resulted that the possibility of middle income trap are high not only for countries which are diverged but also for converged ones, among which Turkey is listed provided that those countries failed to keep up with structural change in their economies. The results of empirical analyses put forward that the risk of middle income trap depends on not only the quantitative increases in per capita income but also the level of structural change in the economy

References

  • Aiyar, S. -Duval, R.-Puy, D. -Wu, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2013)
  • “Growth Slowdowns and the Middle Income Trap” International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper No:13/17. Aoik, M. (2011) “The Five-Phases of Economic
  • Development and Institutional Evolution in China and Japan” Asian Development Bank Institute, Rapor No: 340. Baltagi, B. H. (2005) Econometric Analysis of Panel
  • Data, Third Edition, John Wiley& Sons, England 2005.
  • Barro, R. J. ve S. M., Xavier (1992) “Convergence”,
  • Journal of Political Economy, 100(2):223-251. Bayar, G.-Güloğlu, B. ve Tokpunar, S. (2011) “Sanayi
  • Sektörü İstihdamının Temel Belirleyicileri ve Dış Ticaret, Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım Kongreler Dizisi, 1-22. Egawa, A. (2013) “Will Income Inequality Cause A
  • Mıddle-Income Trap in Asia?” Bruegel Working Paper Working Paper No:03. Eichengreen, B. –Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013) “Growth
  • Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle Income Trap” National Bureau of Economic Researh Working Paper No:18673.
  • Felipe, J. -Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012) “Tracking the Middle-income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why?”
  • Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No:715. Freedom House (2014) http://www.freedomhouse. org/ (15.05.2014)
  • Gill, I. ve Kharas, H. (2007) “An East Asian Renaissance
  • Ideas for Economic Growth”, World Bank. Güloğlu, B. ve İvrendi, M. (2010) “Output Fluctuations:
  • Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America”, Applied Economics Letters, 17(4):381-386. Gürsel, S. ve Soybilgen, B.(2013) “Türkiye Orta Gelir
  • Tuzağının Eşiğinde”, Betam Araştırma Notu, (13)154:1- Nahar, S. ve Inder, B. (2002) “Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 34:2011-2022.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for
  • Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, University of Cambridge Working Paper No:0435 ------------, (2006) “Estimation and Inference in Large
  • Heterogeneous Panels wiht A Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74(4):967-1012. ------------, (2007) “A Simple Panel Unit Root in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22:265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “Testing Slope
  • Homogeneity in Large Panels” Journal of Econometrics, :50-93. Pesaran, M. H.- Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “A Bias
  • Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Indepence” Econometrics Journal, 11:105-127. Robertson, P. E. ve Longfeng Y. (2013) “On the Existence of a Middle Income Trap, Economics Discussion”,
  • The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics, Working Paper No:13/12. Solow, R. (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of
  • Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (1):65-94. Westerlund, J. (2007) “Testing for Error Correction in
  • Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, (6):709-748. Worldbank (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/about/ country-classifications/world-bank-atlas-method, (18.02.2014) ------------, (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/about/ country-classifications, (18.02.2014) ------------,http://databank.worldbank.org/ data/views/ variableSelection/selectvariables. aspx?source=world-development-indicators. (01.12.2014) ------------, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.POP.DPND.OL. (01.12.2014)
  • Yeldan, E. -Taşçı, K. -Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012)
  • “Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye? Cilt 1: Makro/Bölgesel/Sektörel Analiz” Türk Girişim ve İş Dünyası Konfederasyonu (Türkonfed). Yıldırım, K.- Mercan, M. ve Kostakoğlu, S. F. (2013)
  • “Satın Alma Gücü Paritesinin Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi: Zaman Serisi ve Panel Veri Analizi”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3):75-95.

Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi

Year 2016, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 379 - 394, 01.05.2016

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, seçilmiş bir grup üst orta gelirli ülke örneği üzerinden, yakınsama ve panel veri analizleriyle 1982-2012 dönemi için orta gelir tuzağının gerçekleşme ihtimali ve bu durumdan kaçınmada etkili olabilen sosyal ve ekonomik göstergelerin ortaya konulmasıdır. Koşulsuz yakınsama analizleri, ilgili ülke grubunun başlangıç kişi başına düşen gelir düzeylerinin süreç boyunca artırmış olduklarını ortaya koymuştur. Birim kök analizine dayalı yakınsama analizleri ile ülkelerin bireysel performansları araştırılmış, bunlardan 15’inin yüksek gelirli ülkelere yakınsarken, kalan 13 ülkenin ıraksadıkları belirlenmiştir. Panel veri sonuçları ise sadece ıraksayan ülkelerin değil aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin de içinde bulunduğu yakınsayan ülkelerin yapısal dönüşüm sürecine ayak uyduramadıkları takdirde orta gelir tuzağına takılma ihtimalinin yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, bu durumun tek başına ülkelerin kişi başına düşen gelirindeki nicel artışa değil, aynı zamanda ekonomilerdeki yapısal değişiklik düzeyine bağlı olduğu sonucunu ortaya koymuştur

References

  • Aiyar, S. -Duval, R.-Puy, D. -Wu, Y. ve Zhang, L. (2013)
  • “Growth Slowdowns and the Middle Income Trap” International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper No:13/17. Aoik, M. (2011) “The Five-Phases of Economic
  • Development and Institutional Evolution in China and Japan” Asian Development Bank Institute, Rapor No: 340. Baltagi, B. H. (2005) Econometric Analysis of Panel
  • Data, Third Edition, John Wiley& Sons, England 2005.
  • Barro, R. J. ve S. M., Xavier (1992) “Convergence”,
  • Journal of Political Economy, 100(2):223-251. Bayar, G.-Güloğlu, B. ve Tokpunar, S. (2011) “Sanayi
  • Sektörü İstihdamının Temel Belirleyicileri ve Dış Ticaret, Türkiye Örneği”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım Kongreler Dizisi, 1-22. Egawa, A. (2013) “Will Income Inequality Cause A
  • Mıddle-Income Trap in Asia?” Bruegel Working Paper Working Paper No:03. Eichengreen, B. –Park, D. ve Shin, K. (2013) “Growth
  • Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle Income Trap” National Bureau of Economic Researh Working Paper No:18673.
  • Felipe, J. -Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012) “Tracking the Middle-income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why?”
  • Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No:715. Freedom House (2014) http://www.freedomhouse. org/ (15.05.2014)
  • Gill, I. ve Kharas, H. (2007) “An East Asian Renaissance
  • Ideas for Economic Growth”, World Bank. Güloğlu, B. ve İvrendi, M. (2010) “Output Fluctuations:
  • Transitory or Permanent? The Case of Latin America”, Applied Economics Letters, 17(4):381-386. Gürsel, S. ve Soybilgen, B.(2013) “Türkiye Orta Gelir
  • Tuzağının Eşiğinde”, Betam Araştırma Notu, (13)154:1- Nahar, S. ve Inder, B. (2002) “Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 34:2011-2022.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for
  • Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, University of Cambridge Working Paper No:0435 ------------, (2006) “Estimation and Inference in Large
  • Heterogeneous Panels wiht A Multifactor Error Structure”, Econometrica, 74(4):967-1012. ------------, (2007) “A Simple Panel Unit Root in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22:265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “Testing Slope
  • Homogeneity in Large Panels” Journal of Econometrics, :50-93. Pesaran, M. H.- Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “A Bias
  • Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Indepence” Econometrics Journal, 11:105-127. Robertson, P. E. ve Longfeng Y. (2013) “On the Existence of a Middle Income Trap, Economics Discussion”,
  • The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics, Working Paper No:13/12. Solow, R. (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of
  • Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (1):65-94. Westerlund, J. (2007) “Testing for Error Correction in
  • Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, (6):709-748. Worldbank (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/about/ country-classifications/world-bank-atlas-method, (18.02.2014) ------------, (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/about/ country-classifications, (18.02.2014) ------------,http://databank.worldbank.org/ data/views/ variableSelection/selectvariables. aspx?source=world-development-indicators. (01.12.2014) ------------, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.POP.DPND.OL. (01.12.2014)
  • Yeldan, E. -Taşçı, K. -Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012)
  • “Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye? Cilt 1: Makro/Bölgesel/Sektörel Analiz” Türk Girişim ve İş Dünyası Konfederasyonu (Türkonfed). Yıldırım, K.- Mercan, M. ve Kostakoğlu, S. F. (2013)
  • “Satın Alma Gücü Paritesinin Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi: Zaman Serisi ve Panel Veri Analizi”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3):75-95.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA39TZ65NG
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Eda Bozkurt This is me

Haktan Sevinç This is me

Erol Çakmak This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bozkurt, E., Sevinç, H., & Çakmak, E. (2016). Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries. Ege Academic Review, 16(2), 379-394.
AMA Bozkurt E, Sevinç H, Çakmak E. Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries. ear. May 2016;16(2):379-394.
Chicago Bozkurt, Eda, Haktan Sevinç, and Erol Çakmak. “Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries”. Ege Academic Review 16, no. 2 (May 2016): 379-94.
EndNote Bozkurt E, Sevinç H, Çakmak E (May 1, 2016) Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries. Ege Academic Review 16 2 379–394.
IEEE E. Bozkurt, H. Sevinç, and E. Çakmak, “Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries”, ear, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 379–394, 2016.
ISNAD Bozkurt, Eda et al. “Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries”. Ege Academic Review 16/2 (May 2016), 379-394.
JAMA Bozkurt E, Sevinç H, Çakmak E. Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries. ear. 2016;16:379–394.
MLA Bozkurt, Eda et al. “Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 16, no. 2, 2016, pp. 379-94.
Vancouver Bozkurt E, Sevinç H, Çakmak E. Middle Income Trap: Panel Data Analysis on Upper Middle Income Countries. ear. 2016;16(2):379-94.