Year 2025,
Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 291 - 304
Behice Canatan
,
Egemen İpek
References
- Alpar, B. I. (2022a). A Current Assessment of Household Indebtedness in Türkiye and the Possible Consequences of Household Indebtedness. Journal of Erciyes Akademi, 36(3), 1314-1346.
- Alpar, B. I. (2022b). Household Indebtedness in the Context of the Financialization of Social Policies. Istanbul Journal of Economics, 72(1), 1-38.
- Amassoma, D. (2021). Investigating the Sociopsychological Effects of Household Debt Burden: Evidence from Ekiti State, Nigeria. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D. Faculty of Economics and Administration, 29(2).
- Aravacik, E. D. (2018). Social Policy and the Welfare State. In Public Economics and Finance. IntechOpen.
- Aslan, G. (2022). Poverty in the Era of Crises: The Importance and Efficiency of Social transfers, Journal of Social Policy Studies. 22(54), 169-195.
- Avci, İ. (2023). Sustainable Water Consumption and Water‐Saving Behaviours: A Review of Consumers' Environmental and Economic Concerns in Turkey. Water and Environment Journal, 37(3), 616-627.
- Barrientos, A., and Hulme, D. (2008). Social protection for the poor and poorest: An introduction. In Social protection for the poor and poorest: Concepts, policies and politics (3-24). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Bayar, A. A., Günçavdı, Ö., and Levent, H. (2023). Evaluating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Unemployment, Income Distribution and Poverty in Turkey. Economic Systems, 47(1), 101046.
- Bedaso, A., Adams, J., Peng, W., and Sibbritt, D. (2021). Prevalence and Determinants of Low Social Support during Pregnancy among Australian Women: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study. Reproductive Health, 18(1), 1-11.
- Belarmino, E. H., Malinowski, A., and Flynn, K. (2021). Diaper Need is Associated With Risk for Food Insecurity in a Statewide Sample of Participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC). Preventive Medicine Reports, 22, 101332.
- Bou-Hamad, I., Hoteit, R., Harajli, D., and Reykowska, D. (2022). Personal Economic Worries in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: a Cross-sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 871209-871209.
- Bozkurt, V. (2020). Working during The Pandemic: Economic Concerns, Digitalisation and Productivity. COVID-19 Pandemı̇sı̇nı̇n Ekonomı̇k, Toplumsal ve Sı̇yasal Etkileri, 115-136.
- Brum, M., and De Rosa, M. (2021). Too Little But Not too Late: Nowcasting Poverty and Cash Transfers’ Incidence During COVID-19’s Crisis. World Development, 140, 105227.
- Brunila, K., Mertanen, K., and Mononen-Batista Costa, S. (2020). Economic Worries-Therapeutic Solutions? Entrepreneurial and therapeutic governing of transitions of young people. Youth on the Move.
- Burke, M. P., and Frongillo, E. A. (2017). Association of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation with Social Cohesion and Financial Worry Based on Race and Ethnicity among US Adults. The FASEB Journal, 31, 445-2.
- Canatan, B., and İpek, E. (2021). Türkiye'de hanehalklarına yapılan sosyal yardımların belirleyicileri. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 221-241.
- Canatan, B., Akboz Caner, A., & Özbilge, G. (2024). Dynamics of Digital Financial Inclusion in Türkiye. Istanbul Business Research, 53(2), 185-200.
- Çetin, B.I., (2011). The Relatıon Between Income Dıstrıbutıon and Credıt Economy Wıthın The Context of Economıc Systems and Turkey. Doctoral Thesis, Istanbul University.
- Daigneault, P. M. (2014). Three Paradigms of Social Assistance. Sage Open, 4(4), 2158244014559020.
- Dayar, H., and Akıncı, A. (2020). The Effect of Public Social Transfer Expenditures on Personal Income Distribution. Maliye Dergisi, 179, 172-185.
- De Bruijn, E. J., and Antonides, G. (2020). Determinants of Financial Worry and Rumination. Journal of Economic Psychology, 76, 102233.
- Dearden, C., Goode, J., Whitfield, G., and Cox, L. (2010). Credit and debt in low-income families.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JackieGoode/publication/48354471_Credit_and_Debt_in_Low_Income_Families/links/56a65e8108aeca0fddcb514b/Credit-and-Debt-in-Low-Income-Families.pdf
- Dökme Yağar, S., and Yağar, F. (2023). The Impact of Perceived Stress on Life Satisfaction and Moderating Role of Social Support: A Study in COVID-19 Normalization Process. Educational Gerontology, 49(8), 700-709.
- Farwa, A., and Henman, P. (2023). Informal Third-party Actors in Street-level Welfare Decisions: A Case Study of Pakistan Social Assistance. Journal of Social Policy, 1-18.
- Gao, J., Hu, H., and He, H. (2022). Household Indebtedness and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults in China: The Moderating Role of Social Network and Anticipated Support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 173-181.
- Gemicioğlu, S., and Bildir, M. (2023). The Effect of Social Benefits on Income Inequality and Poverty in Turkey: A Simulation Study on Guaranteed Minimum Income Alternatives. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 13(2), 229-250.
- Greenglass, E., Marjanovic, Z., and Fiksenbaum, L. (2013). The Impact of the Recession and Its Aftermath on Individual Health and Well-being. In The psychology of the recession on the workplace. 42-58. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Godinić, D., and Obrenovic, B. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1).
- Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R., and Sanca, Ö., (2000). Individual Income Distribution and Poverty in Turkey: A Comparison with the European Union İstanbul TÜSİAD Yayınları, 295.
- Hacker, J. S., Rehm, P., and Schlesinger, M. (2013). The Insecure American: Economic Experiences, Financial Worries, and Policy Attitudes. Perspectives on Politics, 11(1), 23-49.
- Howell, F., (2001). Social Assistance - Theoretical Background, in Social Protection in the Asia and Pacific, ed. I. Ortiz, Asian Development Bank, Manila, ch 7.
- Hojman, D. A., Miranda, Á., and Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016). Debt Trajectories and Mental Health. Social Science & Medicine, 167, 54-62.
- İpek, E. (2019). Socioeconomic Determinants of Obesity in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, (25), 57-70.
- İpek, E. (2020). The Costs of Disability in Turkey. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41(2), 229-237.
- Kasapoğlu, A., Turan, F., and Dönmez, A. (2009). Impacts of disasters: Comparisons of Several Worries in Turkey. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 25(1), 63-70.
- Kim, D. (2021). Financial Hardship and Social Assistance as Determinants of Mental Health and Food and Housing Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. SSM-Population Health, 16, 100862.
- KONDA (2016). June '16 Barometer: Debt, Insecurity and Economic Worries. From https://konda.com.tr/uploads/tr1606-barometre66-borclanma-guvencesizlik-838542edfa48fb69b57f44de57d5066dcc6383e86026cafe756481358814ec86.pdf
- Lea, S. E. G. (2020). Debt and Overindebtedness: Psychological evidence and its policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 00(0), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12074
- LaValley, M. P. (2008). Logistic Regression. Circulation, 117(18), 2395-2399.
- Lima-Nunes, A., De Andrade, A., and Cunha, D. A. D. (2021). Preocupações com Aeconomia: Desigualdade de Renda e Satisfação com a Vida. Revista de psicología (Santiago), 30(1), 57-68.
- Mann, F. D., Krueger, R. F., and Vohs, K. D. (2020). Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, 110233.
- Miller, S. V. (2018). Economic Anxiety or Racial Resentment? An Evaluation of Attitudes toward Immigration in the US from 1992 to 2016. Immigration Research, 1, 1-29.
- Nas, Y., and Özkoç, H. (2017). Borçlanmayı etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi: Fethiye örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(2):311-330.
- Naseer, Z., Hu, H., Yaseen, M., and Tariq, M. (2021). Rural Women Empowerment through Social Protection Programs: A case of Benazir Income Support Programme in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(2), 67-74.
- Niño‐Zarazúa, (2019). Welfare and Redistributive Effects of Social Assistance in the Global South. Population and Development Review, 45, 3-22.
- Ntsalaze, L., and Ikhide, S. (2016). Household Overindebtedness: Understanding its Extent and Characteristics of those Affected. Journal of Social Sciences, 48(1-2), 79-93.
- Özbilge, G., Canatan, B., and Ipek, O. Türkiye’de Finansal Kaynak Yönetiminin Finansal Kaygılar Üzerine Etkileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 199-220.
- Özbilge, G. (2022). Tasarruf ve borç davranışlarına dijital bankacılık etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Özel, I. D., and Yıldırım, K. (2019). Political Consequences of Welfare Regimes: Social Assistance and Support for Presidentialism in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 24(4), 485-511.
- Özer, Ö., Özkan, O., Budak, F., and Özmen, S. (2021). Does Social Support Affect Perceived Stress? A Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 134-144.
- Özmete, E., and Pak, M. (2020). The Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Perceived Social Support during the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Turkey. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7), 603-616.
- Pellissery, S., and Barrientos, A. (2013). Expansion of Social Assistance: Does Politics Matter?. Economic and Political Weekly, 47-54.
- Parolin, Z. (2021). Decomposing the Decline of Cash Assistance in the United States, 1993 to 2016. Demography, 58(3), 1119-1141.
- Pritadrajati, D. (2023). Does Social Assistance Disincentivize Employment, Job Formality, and Mobility?. Labor Economics, 102398.
- Roth, B., Hahn, E., and Spinath, F. M. (2017). Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction, and Economic Worries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(2), 133-141.
- Rojas-Méndez, J. I. (2021). Explaining People's Worry Levels during the Covid-19 Pandemic: an Analysis of Socioeconomic and Cultural Dimensions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
- Shaefer, H. L., Edin, K., Fusaro, V., and Wu, P. (2020). The Decline of Cash Assistance and the Well-being of Poor Households with Children. Social Forces, 98(3), 1000-1025.
- Schwartz, J. (2005). The Socio-economic Benefits of Marriage: A Review of Recent Evidence from the United States. Economic Affairs, 25(3), 45–51
- Tekgüç, H. (2018). Declining Poverty and Inequality in Turkey: The Effect of Social Assistance and Home Ownership. South European Society and Politics, 23(4), 547-570.
- Tran, A. G., Lam, C. K., and Legg, E. (2018). Financial stress, social supports, gender, and anxiety during college: A stress-buffering perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(7),
- Walega, G., and Walega, A. (2021). Overindebted Households in Poland: Classification Tree Analysis. Social Indicators Research, 153(2), 561-584.
- Wang, J., Ye, S., and Qi, X. (2021). Regional Equity and Influencing Factor of Social Assistance in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 31(4), 611-628.
- Westmore, B. (2018). Do Government Transfers Reduce Poverty in China? Micro Evidence from Five Regions. China Economic Review, 51, 59-69.
- Wellman, B., and Gulia, M. (2018). The Network Basis of Social Support: A Network is more than the Sum of its Ties. In Networks in the global village, 83-118. Routledge.
- Winchester, M. S., King, B., and Rishworth, A. (2021). "It is not Enough:" Local Experiences of Social Grants, Economic Precarity, and Health Inequity in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Well-being, Space and Society, 2.
- Xiao, J. J., and Kim, K. T. (2022). The Able Worry More? Debt Delinquency, Financial Capability, and Financial Stress. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 43(1), 138-152.
- Yıldırım, J., Bakır, M. A., and Savaş, A. (2018). State Dependence in Poverty: The Case of Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(9), 1963-1972.
- Yılmaz, T. Z., and Rakıcı, C. (2024). The Effect of Social Protection Expenditures on Income Inequality: The Case of Türkiye. Sosyoekonomi, 32(59).
- Yu, L. R., and Li, X. Y. (2021). The Effects of Social Security Expenditure on Reducing Income Inequality and Rural Poverty in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4), 1060-1067.
- Zhou, M., and Guo, W. (2021). Social Factors and Worry Associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a Large Survey in China. Social Science & Medicine, 277, 113934.
Investigating the Impact of Social Assistance and Borrowing Behavior on Reducing Economic Worry
Year 2025,
Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 291 - 304
Behice Canatan
,
Egemen İpek
Abstract
When individuals have insufficient financial resources to meet their basic needs, they are more likely to experience economic worries. For those experiencing hardship, social assistance is one of the most important public tools for supporting people’s financial standing to better sustain their lives; social assistance is also expected to reduce economic worries for the same reason. When individuals experiencing economic worries cannot receive adequate social assistance, this may result in more borrowing behavior. With this in mind, the primary purpose of this study is to examine the possible effects of social assistance on economic worries so that we create an economic worries index using principal component analysis. To identify these potential effects, data from the 2016 KONDA Research and Consultancy survey were analyzed with the help of a generalized ordered logit model. Empirical findings show that an increase in education level results in a decreasing effect on economic worries. In addition, the study shows that borrowing increases economic worries; when the relationship between economic worries and social assistance is more closely examined, the findings indicate that social assistance is insufficient for reducing economic worries.
Ethical Statement
Ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable.
Supporting Institution
The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
References
- Alpar, B. I. (2022a). A Current Assessment of Household Indebtedness in Türkiye and the Possible Consequences of Household Indebtedness. Journal of Erciyes Akademi, 36(3), 1314-1346.
- Alpar, B. I. (2022b). Household Indebtedness in the Context of the Financialization of Social Policies. Istanbul Journal of Economics, 72(1), 1-38.
- Amassoma, D. (2021). Investigating the Sociopsychological Effects of Household Debt Burden: Evidence from Ekiti State, Nigeria. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D. Faculty of Economics and Administration, 29(2).
- Aravacik, E. D. (2018). Social Policy and the Welfare State. In Public Economics and Finance. IntechOpen.
- Aslan, G. (2022). Poverty in the Era of Crises: The Importance and Efficiency of Social transfers, Journal of Social Policy Studies. 22(54), 169-195.
- Avci, İ. (2023). Sustainable Water Consumption and Water‐Saving Behaviours: A Review of Consumers' Environmental and Economic Concerns in Turkey. Water and Environment Journal, 37(3), 616-627.
- Barrientos, A., and Hulme, D. (2008). Social protection for the poor and poorest: An introduction. In Social protection for the poor and poorest: Concepts, policies and politics (3-24). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Bayar, A. A., Günçavdı, Ö., and Levent, H. (2023). Evaluating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Unemployment, Income Distribution and Poverty in Turkey. Economic Systems, 47(1), 101046.
- Bedaso, A., Adams, J., Peng, W., and Sibbritt, D. (2021). Prevalence and Determinants of Low Social Support during Pregnancy among Australian Women: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study. Reproductive Health, 18(1), 1-11.
- Belarmino, E. H., Malinowski, A., and Flynn, K. (2021). Diaper Need is Associated With Risk for Food Insecurity in a Statewide Sample of Participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC). Preventive Medicine Reports, 22, 101332.
- Bou-Hamad, I., Hoteit, R., Harajli, D., and Reykowska, D. (2022). Personal Economic Worries in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: a Cross-sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 871209-871209.
- Bozkurt, V. (2020). Working during The Pandemic: Economic Concerns, Digitalisation and Productivity. COVID-19 Pandemı̇sı̇nı̇n Ekonomı̇k, Toplumsal ve Sı̇yasal Etkileri, 115-136.
- Brum, M., and De Rosa, M. (2021). Too Little But Not too Late: Nowcasting Poverty and Cash Transfers’ Incidence During COVID-19’s Crisis. World Development, 140, 105227.
- Brunila, K., Mertanen, K., and Mononen-Batista Costa, S. (2020). Economic Worries-Therapeutic Solutions? Entrepreneurial and therapeutic governing of transitions of young people. Youth on the Move.
- Burke, M. P., and Frongillo, E. A. (2017). Association of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation with Social Cohesion and Financial Worry Based on Race and Ethnicity among US Adults. The FASEB Journal, 31, 445-2.
- Canatan, B., and İpek, E. (2021). Türkiye'de hanehalklarına yapılan sosyal yardımların belirleyicileri. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 221-241.
- Canatan, B., Akboz Caner, A., & Özbilge, G. (2024). Dynamics of Digital Financial Inclusion in Türkiye. Istanbul Business Research, 53(2), 185-200.
- Çetin, B.I., (2011). The Relatıon Between Income Dıstrıbutıon and Credıt Economy Wıthın The Context of Economıc Systems and Turkey. Doctoral Thesis, Istanbul University.
- Daigneault, P. M. (2014). Three Paradigms of Social Assistance. Sage Open, 4(4), 2158244014559020.
- Dayar, H., and Akıncı, A. (2020). The Effect of Public Social Transfer Expenditures on Personal Income Distribution. Maliye Dergisi, 179, 172-185.
- De Bruijn, E. J., and Antonides, G. (2020). Determinants of Financial Worry and Rumination. Journal of Economic Psychology, 76, 102233.
- Dearden, C., Goode, J., Whitfield, G., and Cox, L. (2010). Credit and debt in low-income families.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JackieGoode/publication/48354471_Credit_and_Debt_in_Low_Income_Families/links/56a65e8108aeca0fddcb514b/Credit-and-Debt-in-Low-Income-Families.pdf
- Dökme Yağar, S., and Yağar, F. (2023). The Impact of Perceived Stress on Life Satisfaction and Moderating Role of Social Support: A Study in COVID-19 Normalization Process. Educational Gerontology, 49(8), 700-709.
- Farwa, A., and Henman, P. (2023). Informal Third-party Actors in Street-level Welfare Decisions: A Case Study of Pakistan Social Assistance. Journal of Social Policy, 1-18.
- Gao, J., Hu, H., and He, H. (2022). Household Indebtedness and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults in China: The Moderating Role of Social Network and Anticipated Support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 298, 173-181.
- Gemicioğlu, S., and Bildir, M. (2023). The Effect of Social Benefits on Income Inequality and Poverty in Turkey: A Simulation Study on Guaranteed Minimum Income Alternatives. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 13(2), 229-250.
- Greenglass, E., Marjanovic, Z., and Fiksenbaum, L. (2013). The Impact of the Recession and Its Aftermath on Individual Health and Well-being. In The psychology of the recession on the workplace. 42-58. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Godinić, D., and Obrenovic, B. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1).
- Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R., and Sanca, Ö., (2000). Individual Income Distribution and Poverty in Turkey: A Comparison with the European Union İstanbul TÜSİAD Yayınları, 295.
- Hacker, J. S., Rehm, P., and Schlesinger, M. (2013). The Insecure American: Economic Experiences, Financial Worries, and Policy Attitudes. Perspectives on Politics, 11(1), 23-49.
- Howell, F., (2001). Social Assistance - Theoretical Background, in Social Protection in the Asia and Pacific, ed. I. Ortiz, Asian Development Bank, Manila, ch 7.
- Hojman, D. A., Miranda, Á., and Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2016). Debt Trajectories and Mental Health. Social Science & Medicine, 167, 54-62.
- İpek, E. (2019). Socioeconomic Determinants of Obesity in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies, (25), 57-70.
- İpek, E. (2020). The Costs of Disability in Turkey. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41(2), 229-237.
- Kasapoğlu, A., Turan, F., and Dönmez, A. (2009). Impacts of disasters: Comparisons of Several Worries in Turkey. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 25(1), 63-70.
- Kim, D. (2021). Financial Hardship and Social Assistance as Determinants of Mental Health and Food and Housing Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. SSM-Population Health, 16, 100862.
- KONDA (2016). June '16 Barometer: Debt, Insecurity and Economic Worries. From https://konda.com.tr/uploads/tr1606-barometre66-borclanma-guvencesizlik-838542edfa48fb69b57f44de57d5066dcc6383e86026cafe756481358814ec86.pdf
- Lea, S. E. G. (2020). Debt and Overindebtedness: Psychological evidence and its policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 00(0), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12074
- LaValley, M. P. (2008). Logistic Regression. Circulation, 117(18), 2395-2399.
- Lima-Nunes, A., De Andrade, A., and Cunha, D. A. D. (2021). Preocupações com Aeconomia: Desigualdade de Renda e Satisfação com a Vida. Revista de psicología (Santiago), 30(1), 57-68.
- Mann, F. D., Krueger, R. F., and Vohs, K. D. (2020). Personal economic anxiety in response to COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, 110233.
- Miller, S. V. (2018). Economic Anxiety or Racial Resentment? An Evaluation of Attitudes toward Immigration in the US from 1992 to 2016. Immigration Research, 1, 1-29.
- Nas, Y., and Özkoç, H. (2017). Borçlanmayı etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi: Fethiye örneği. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(2):311-330.
- Naseer, Z., Hu, H., Yaseen, M., and Tariq, M. (2021). Rural Women Empowerment through Social Protection Programs: A case of Benazir Income Support Programme in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(2), 67-74.
- Niño‐Zarazúa, (2019). Welfare and Redistributive Effects of Social Assistance in the Global South. Population and Development Review, 45, 3-22.
- Ntsalaze, L., and Ikhide, S. (2016). Household Overindebtedness: Understanding its Extent and Characteristics of those Affected. Journal of Social Sciences, 48(1-2), 79-93.
- Özbilge, G., Canatan, B., and Ipek, O. Türkiye’de Finansal Kaynak Yönetiminin Finansal Kaygılar Üzerine Etkileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 199-220.
- Özbilge, G. (2022). Tasarruf ve borç davranışlarına dijital bankacılık etkileri: Türkiye örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
- Özel, I. D., and Yıldırım, K. (2019). Political Consequences of Welfare Regimes: Social Assistance and Support for Presidentialism in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 24(4), 485-511.
- Özer, Ö., Özkan, O., Budak, F., and Özmen, S. (2021). Does Social Support Affect Perceived Stress? A Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 134-144.
- Özmete, E., and Pak, M. (2020). The Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Perceived Social Support during the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Turkey. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7), 603-616.
- Pellissery, S., and Barrientos, A. (2013). Expansion of Social Assistance: Does Politics Matter?. Economic and Political Weekly, 47-54.
- Parolin, Z. (2021). Decomposing the Decline of Cash Assistance in the United States, 1993 to 2016. Demography, 58(3), 1119-1141.
- Pritadrajati, D. (2023). Does Social Assistance Disincentivize Employment, Job Formality, and Mobility?. Labor Economics, 102398.
- Roth, B., Hahn, E., and Spinath, F. M. (2017). Income Inequality, Life Satisfaction, and Economic Worries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(2), 133-141.
- Rojas-Méndez, J. I. (2021). Explaining People's Worry Levels during the Covid-19 Pandemic: an Analysis of Socioeconomic and Cultural Dimensions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
- Shaefer, H. L., Edin, K., Fusaro, V., and Wu, P. (2020). The Decline of Cash Assistance and the Well-being of Poor Households with Children. Social Forces, 98(3), 1000-1025.
- Schwartz, J. (2005). The Socio-economic Benefits of Marriage: A Review of Recent Evidence from the United States. Economic Affairs, 25(3), 45–51
- Tekgüç, H. (2018). Declining Poverty and Inequality in Turkey: The Effect of Social Assistance and Home Ownership. South European Society and Politics, 23(4), 547-570.
- Tran, A. G., Lam, C. K., and Legg, E. (2018). Financial stress, social supports, gender, and anxiety during college: A stress-buffering perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(7),
- Walega, G., and Walega, A. (2021). Overindebted Households in Poland: Classification Tree Analysis. Social Indicators Research, 153(2), 561-584.
- Wang, J., Ye, S., and Qi, X. (2021). Regional Equity and Influencing Factor of Social Assistance in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 31(4), 611-628.
- Westmore, B. (2018). Do Government Transfers Reduce Poverty in China? Micro Evidence from Five Regions. China Economic Review, 51, 59-69.
- Wellman, B., and Gulia, M. (2018). The Network Basis of Social Support: A Network is more than the Sum of its Ties. In Networks in the global village, 83-118. Routledge.
- Winchester, M. S., King, B., and Rishworth, A. (2021). "It is not Enough:" Local Experiences of Social Grants, Economic Precarity, and Health Inequity in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Well-being, Space and Society, 2.
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