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Direct R&D Effect and Technological Diffusion: The Case of Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 609 - 624, 01.12.2017

Özlem Fikirli Mustafa Emir Yücel

Abstract

In this study, the cointegration relationship between total factor productivity (TFP) and direct R&D effect and technological diffusion is investigated by applying ARDL method in period of 1990-2015 years in Turkey. Direct R&D effect is analyzed with total R&D capital stock which is derived from total R&D investment expenditure. Technological diffusion is investigated with variables of İth rate and foreign direct investment. In Turkey the effect of R&D investment expenditures and the technology diffusion on total factor productivity arise from the coexistence of these two channels

Keywords

Direct R&D effect technological diffusion TFP ARDL

References

  • Augier, P., Cadot, O. ve Dovis, M. (2013). “İmports and TFP at the Firm Level: The Role of Absorptive Capacity”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 46(3):956-981.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60:323-351.
  • Aitken, B. ve Harrison, A. (1999). “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela”. American Economic Review, 89(3):605-618.
  • Ballot, G.,Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D andPerformance: A Study on French andSwedishFirms”. LabourEconomics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bell,S.veMorse,S.(2008).SustainabilityIndicatorsMeasuringtheImmeasurable?.Earthscan, London.
  • Borensztein, E., Gregorio, J.D. ve Lee, J-W. (1998). “How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?”. Journal of International Economics, 45: 115–135.
  • Cameron, G., Proudman, J. ve Redding, S. (2005). “Technological Convergence, R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth”. European Economic Review, 49:775–807.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links BetweenOpennessand Productivity in MediterraneanCountries”. AppliedEconomics, 40: 685-697.
  • Chuang, Y.C. ve Lin, C.M. (1999). “Foreign Direct Investment, R&D and Spillover Efficiency: Evidence from Taiwan's Manufacturing Firms”. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(4):117-137.
  • Ciruelos, A. ve Wang, M. (2005). “International TechnologyDiffusion: Effects of Tradeand DYY”. AtlanticEconomicJournal, 33:437-449.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. EuropeanEconomicReview, 39: 859-887.
  • Damijan, J.P.,Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Rojec, M. (2003). “The role of DYY, R&D AccumulationandTrade in TransferringTechnologytoTransitionCountries: EvidencefromFirm Panel Data forEightTransitionCountries”. EconomicSystems, 27:189-204.
  • Djankov, S. ve Hoekman, B. (1998). “Avenue of Technology Transfer: Foreign Investment and Productivity Change in the Czech Republic”. CEPR Discussion Paper, No:1883.
  • Fikirli, Ö. ve Çetin, A.K. (2015). “Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisif, 4(2): 147-166.
  • Frantzen, D. (2000). “R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross- country Analysis”. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 102(1):57-75.
  • Girma, S. (2005). “Absorptive Capacity and Productivity Spillovers from FDI: A Threshold Regression Analysis”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(3): 281-306.
  • Griliches, Z. (1980). “R&D andthe Productivity Slowdown”. NBER WorkingPaper Series, WorkingPaper No:434.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “InterindustryTechnologyFlowsand Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of EconomicsandStatistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991). “InnovationandGrowth in the Global Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting forTrends in Productivity and R&D: A SchumpeterianCritique of Semi-EndogenousGrowthTheory”. Journal of Money, CreditandBanking, 39(4):733-774.
  • Higόn, D.A. (2007). “TheImpact of R&D Spillovers on UK Manufacturing TFP: A Dynamic Panel Approach”. ResearchPolicy, 36:964–979.
  • Jerzmanowski, M. (2007). “Total Factor Productivity Differences: AppropriateTechnology vs. Efficiency”. EuropeanEconomicReview, 51:2080-2110.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “TradeandtheTransmission of Technology”. Journal of EconomicGrowth, 7: 5-24.
  • Keller, W. (2010). International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Spillovers. Kenneth J. Arrow ve Michael D. Intriligator (Ed.), Handbooks In Economics 2 :. 793- 829 , UK: Elsevier.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Tradeand Productivity Growth in KoreanManufacturing”. Review of World Economics, 139(3):460-483.
  • Kim, S., Lim, H. ve Park, D. (2009). “İths, Exports and Total Factor Productivity in Korea”. Applied Economics, 41:1819–1834.
  • Kinoshita, Y. (2000). R&D and Technology Spillovers Via FDI: Innovation and Absorptive Capacity. CEPR/WDI Annual Conference on Transition Economies, Moskova.
  • Konings, J. (2000). “The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Firms: Evidence from Firm Level Panel Data in Emerging Economies”. CEPR Discussion Paper, No:2586.
  • Krugman, P. (1994). “The Myth of Asia's Miracle”. Foreign Affairs, 73: 62-78.
  • Kugler, M. (2006). “Spillovers From Foreign Direct Investment: Within Or Between Industries?”. Journal of Development Economics, 80: 444– 477.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R. ve Siegel, D. (1991). “TheImpact of R&D Investment on Productiviy - New Evidence Using Linked R&D – LRD Data”. EconomicInquiry, 29(2):203-229.
  • Liu, X. ve Wang, C. (2003). “Does Foreign Direct Investment Facilitate Technological Progress? Evidence From Chinese Industries”. Research Policy, 32: 945–953.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spilloversand Productivity: Evidencefrom U.S. ManufacturingMicrodata”. EmpiricalEconomics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22:3-42.
  • Maskus, K.E. ve McDaniel, C. (1999). “Impacts of TheJapanese Patent System on Productivity Growth”. Japan andthe World Economy, 11:557-574.
  • Miller, S.M. ve Upadhyay, M.P. (2002). “Total Factor Productivity andtheConvergenceHypothesis”. Journal of Macroeconomics, 24:267–286.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determines Migration Flows From Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An empirical Investigation of FJI-US. Migration 1972-2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 332-342.
  • Park, W.G. (2013). “International Patenting, Patent Rights, andTechonolgyGaps”. Review of EconomicsandInstitutions, 4(1): 1-25.
  • Pesaran,M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An AutodistributedLagModelingApproachtoCointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). EconometricsandEconomicTheory in the 20th Century: TheRagnarFrischCentennialSymposium, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H.,Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “BoundsTestingApproachestothe Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E.C. (1998). “Lawrence R. KleinLecture 1997 Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International EconomicReview, 39(3):525-551.
  • Romer, P. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”. Journal of Political Economy, 94:1002-1037.
  • Romer, P. (1990). “Endogenous Technical Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 98:71-102.
  • Rouvinen, P. (2002). “R&D - Productivity Dynamics: Causality, Lags, and ‘DryHoles’”. Journal of AppliedEconomics, V(1): 123-156.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical ChangeandtheAggregateProductionFunction”. Review of EconomicsandStatistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section Cross- Country Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Verspagen, B. (1997). “MeasuringIntersectoralTechnologySpillovers: EstimatesfromtheEuropeanand US Patent Office Databases”. EconomicSystemsResearch, 9(1):47-65.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “DoesResearchand Development CapitalAffect Total Factor Productivity? EvidencefromGreece”. Economics of Innovationand New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Wang, J.C. ve Tsai, K.H. (2004). ”Productivity Growthand R&D Expenditure in Taiwan’sManufacturingFirms”. In Growthand Productivity in East Asia,NBER-East AsiaSeminar on Economics, 13:277-296.
  • Wu, Y. (2000). “Is China'sEconomicGrowthSustainable? A Productivity Analysis”. ChinaEconomicReview, 11: 278 – 296.
  • Xu, B. ve Chiang, E.P. (2005). “Trade, Patents and International Technology Diffusion”. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 14 (1): 115-135.
  • Zhu, L. ve Jeon, B.N. (2007). “International R&D Spillovers: Trade, FDI and Information Technology as Spillover Channels”. Review of International Economics, 15(5): 955– 976.
  • www.conference-board.org, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.
  • www.oecd.org, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.
  • www.tuik.gov.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.

Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 609 - 624, 01.12.2017

Özlem Fikirli Mustafa Emir Yücel

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de 1990-2015 yılları arasında toplam faktör verimliliği (TFV) ile doğrudan Ar-Ge etkisi ve teknolojinin difüzyonu arasındaki ilişki incelenmektedir. Doğrudan Ar-Ge etkisi, toplam Ar- Ge yatırım harcamalarından oluşturulan toplam Ar-Ge sermaye birikimi değişkeni ile analiz edilmiştir. Teknolojinin difüzyonu ise, ithalat oranı ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar değişkenleri ile incelenmiştir. Türkiye’de Ar-Ge yatırım harcamaları ve teknoloji difüzyonunun toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi, bu iki kanalın bir arada bulunması ile ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

Doğrudan Ar-Ge etkisi teknolojinin difüzyonu TFV ARDL

References

  • Augier, P., Cadot, O. ve Dovis, M. (2013). “İmports and TFP at the Firm Level: The Role of Absorptive Capacity”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 46(3):956-981.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60:323-351.
  • Aitken, B. ve Harrison, A. (1999). “Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela”. American Economic Review, 89(3):605-618.
  • Ballot, G.,Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D andPerformance: A Study on French andSwedishFirms”. LabourEconomics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bell,S.veMorse,S.(2008).SustainabilityIndicatorsMeasuringtheImmeasurable?.Earthscan, London.
  • Borensztein, E., Gregorio, J.D. ve Lee, J-W. (1998). “How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?”. Journal of International Economics, 45: 115–135.
  • Cameron, G., Proudman, J. ve Redding, S. (2005). “Technological Convergence, R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth”. European Economic Review, 49:775–807.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links BetweenOpennessand Productivity in MediterraneanCountries”. AppliedEconomics, 40: 685-697.
  • Chuang, Y.C. ve Lin, C.M. (1999). “Foreign Direct Investment, R&D and Spillover Efficiency: Evidence from Taiwan's Manufacturing Firms”. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(4):117-137.
  • Ciruelos, A. ve Wang, M. (2005). “International TechnologyDiffusion: Effects of Tradeand DYY”. AtlanticEconomicJournal, 33:437-449.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. EuropeanEconomicReview, 39: 859-887.
  • Damijan, J.P.,Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Rojec, M. (2003). “The role of DYY, R&D AccumulationandTrade in TransferringTechnologytoTransitionCountries: EvidencefromFirm Panel Data forEightTransitionCountries”. EconomicSystems, 27:189-204.
  • Djankov, S. ve Hoekman, B. (1998). “Avenue of Technology Transfer: Foreign Investment and Productivity Change in the Czech Republic”. CEPR Discussion Paper, No:1883.
  • Fikirli, Ö. ve Çetin, A.K. (2015). “Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisif, 4(2): 147-166.
  • Frantzen, D. (2000). “R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross- country Analysis”. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 102(1):57-75.
  • Girma, S. (2005). “Absorptive Capacity and Productivity Spillovers from FDI: A Threshold Regression Analysis”. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(3): 281-306.
  • Griliches, Z. (1980). “R&D andthe Productivity Slowdown”. NBER WorkingPaper Series, WorkingPaper No:434.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “InterindustryTechnologyFlowsand Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of EconomicsandStatistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991). “InnovationandGrowth in the Global Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting forTrends in Productivity and R&D: A SchumpeterianCritique of Semi-EndogenousGrowthTheory”. Journal of Money, CreditandBanking, 39(4):733-774.
  • Higόn, D.A. (2007). “TheImpact of R&D Spillovers on UK Manufacturing TFP: A Dynamic Panel Approach”. ResearchPolicy, 36:964–979.
  • Jerzmanowski, M. (2007). “Total Factor Productivity Differences: AppropriateTechnology vs. Efficiency”. EuropeanEconomicReview, 51:2080-2110.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “TradeandtheTransmission of Technology”. Journal of EconomicGrowth, 7: 5-24.
  • Keller, W. (2010). International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Spillovers. Kenneth J. Arrow ve Michael D. Intriligator (Ed.), Handbooks In Economics 2 :. 793- 829 , UK: Elsevier.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Tradeand Productivity Growth in KoreanManufacturing”. Review of World Economics, 139(3):460-483.
  • Kim, S., Lim, H. ve Park, D. (2009). “İths, Exports and Total Factor Productivity in Korea”. Applied Economics, 41:1819–1834.
  • Kinoshita, Y. (2000). R&D and Technology Spillovers Via FDI: Innovation and Absorptive Capacity. CEPR/WDI Annual Conference on Transition Economies, Moskova.
  • Konings, J. (2000). “The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Firms: Evidence from Firm Level Panel Data in Emerging Economies”. CEPR Discussion Paper, No:2586.
  • Krugman, P. (1994). “The Myth of Asia's Miracle”. Foreign Affairs, 73: 62-78.
  • Kugler, M. (2006). “Spillovers From Foreign Direct Investment: Within Or Between Industries?”. Journal of Development Economics, 80: 444– 477.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R. ve Siegel, D. (1991). “TheImpact of R&D Investment on Productiviy - New Evidence Using Linked R&D – LRD Data”. EconomicInquiry, 29(2):203-229.
  • Liu, X. ve Wang, C. (2003). “Does Foreign Direct Investment Facilitate Technological Progress? Evidence From Chinese Industries”. Research Policy, 32: 945–953.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spilloversand Productivity: Evidencefrom U.S. ManufacturingMicrodata”. EmpiricalEconomics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22:3-42.
  • Maskus, K.E. ve McDaniel, C. (1999). “Impacts of TheJapanese Patent System on Productivity Growth”. Japan andthe World Economy, 11:557-574.
  • Miller, S.M. ve Upadhyay, M.P. (2002). “Total Factor Productivity andtheConvergenceHypothesis”. Journal of Macroeconomics, 24:267–286.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determines Migration Flows From Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An empirical Investigation of FJI-US. Migration 1972-2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 332-342.
  • Park, W.G. (2013). “International Patenting, Patent Rights, andTechonolgyGaps”. Review of EconomicsandInstitutions, 4(1): 1-25.
  • Pesaran,M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An AutodistributedLagModelingApproachtoCointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). EconometricsandEconomicTheory in the 20th Century: TheRagnarFrischCentennialSymposium, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H.,Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “BoundsTestingApproachestothe Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E.C. (1998). “Lawrence R. KleinLecture 1997 Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International EconomicReview, 39(3):525-551.
  • Romer, P. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”. Journal of Political Economy, 94:1002-1037.
  • Romer, P. (1990). “Endogenous Technical Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 98:71-102.
  • Rouvinen, P. (2002). “R&D - Productivity Dynamics: Causality, Lags, and ‘DryHoles’”. Journal of AppliedEconomics, V(1): 123-156.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical ChangeandtheAggregateProductionFunction”. Review of EconomicsandStatistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section Cross- Country Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Verspagen, B. (1997). “MeasuringIntersectoralTechnologySpillovers: EstimatesfromtheEuropeanand US Patent Office Databases”. EconomicSystemsResearch, 9(1):47-65.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “DoesResearchand Development CapitalAffect Total Factor Productivity? EvidencefromGreece”. Economics of Innovationand New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Wang, J.C. ve Tsai, K.H. (2004). ”Productivity Growthand R&D Expenditure in Taiwan’sManufacturingFirms”. In Growthand Productivity in East Asia,NBER-East AsiaSeminar on Economics, 13:277-296.
  • Wu, Y. (2000). “Is China'sEconomicGrowthSustainable? A Productivity Analysis”. ChinaEconomicReview, 11: 278 – 296.
  • Xu, B. ve Chiang, E.P. (2005). “Trade, Patents and International Technology Diffusion”. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 14 (1): 115-135.
  • Zhu, L. ve Jeon, B.N. (2007). “International R&D Spillovers: Trade, FDI and Information Technology as Spillover Channels”. Review of International Economics, 15(5): 955– 976.
  • www.conference-board.org, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.
  • www.oecd.org, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.
  • www.tuik.gov.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2017.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Fikirli This is me

Mustafa Emir Yücel This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Fikirli, Ö., & Yücel, M. E. (2017). Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(4), 609-624.
AMA Fikirli Ö, Yücel ME. Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği. UEAD. December 2017;3(4):609-624.
Chicago Fikirli, Özlem, and Mustafa Emir Yücel. “Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi Ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3, no. 4 (December 2017): 609-24.
EndNote Fikirli Ö, Yücel ME (December 1, 2017) Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3 4 609–624.
IEEE Ö. Fikirli and M. E. Yücel, “Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği”, UEAD, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 609–624, 2017.
ISNAD Fikirli, Özlem - Yücel, Mustafa Emir. “Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi Ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/4 (December 2017), 609-624.
JAMA Fikirli Ö, Yücel ME. Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği. UEAD. 2017;3:609–624.
MLA Fikirli, Özlem and Mustafa Emir Yücel. “Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi Ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 4, 2017, pp. 609-24.
Vancouver Fikirli Ö, Yücel ME. Doğrudan AR-GE Etkisi ve Teknolojinin Difüzyonu: Türkiye Örneği. UEAD. 2017;3(4):609-24.