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Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 93 - 113, 01.04.2015

Abstract

Bireyin, yaşam boyunca sosyal ilişkilerinde bir takım problemlerle karşılaşması son
derece doğaldır. Bireyin bir hedefe ulaşabilmek için karşılaştığı sorunlara yönelik çaba
sarf etmesi, problem çözme sürecinin başladığı anlamına gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte,
bireyin kişilik özellikleri ve problem durumuna bakış açısına göre problem çözme
eğilimleri de farklı olabilir. Problem çözme, Heppner ve Petersen (1982) tarafından
problemlerle veya problem durumu ile başa çıkmak olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Problem
çözme sürecinde, bireyin iletişimi, düşünme stilleri, empati kurma becerisi, eleştirel,
analitik ve yaratıcı bakış açıları önemlidir (Isaksen, Dorval & Treffinger, 2011; Nacar,
2010). İnsan ilişkilerinde ortaya çıkan sorunların sonucunda ortaya çıkan kişilerarası
problemlerin (Horowitz 2004) çözüm sürecinde, bireylerin yönelim ve yaklaşım
farklılıklarından dolayı, kişilerarası problem çözme sürecinde, bireylerin geri çekilme,
yatıştırma, güç kullanma, uzlaşma ve yüzleşme şeklinde farklı stratejiler
kullanabilecekleri belirtilmektedir (Johnson ve Johnson, 1995). Çam ve Tümkaya (2007,
2008) kişilerarası problem çözme sürecini lise ve üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde,
probleme olumsuz yaklaşım, yapıcı problem çözme, kendine güvensizlik, sorumluluk
almama ve ısrarcı-sebatkâr yaklaşım boyutlarında incelemektedirler. Probleme olumsuz
yaklaşım, kişilerarası bir problemle karşılaşıldığında yaşanan çaresizlik, karamsarlık ve
üzüntü gibi yoğun olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerle ilgilidir. Yapıcı problem çözme,
kişilerarası bir problem yaşandığında bireyin etkili ve yapıcı biçimde problemi çözmesine
katkı sağlayan duygu, düşünce ve davranışlarla ilişkilidir. Israrcı-sebatkâr yaklaşım
bireyin kişilerarası ilişkilerinde problem çözümü için ısrarla çaba harcamasını ortaya
koymaktadır. Kendine güvensiz yaklaşım bir problemi çözebilme konusunda bireyin
sahip olduğu güven eksikliğini; sorumluluk almama ise problem çözme konusundaki
sorumluluk üstlenmemeyi ifade etmektedir (Çam & Tümkaya, 2007).

References

  • Altmayer, C. & Koreik, U. (2010). Empirische Forschung zum landeskundlichkulturbezogenen lernen in Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 15 (2), 1-6 [Available online at: http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-15- 2/beitrag/AltmayerKoreik.pdf] Retrieved on December 20, 2014].
  • Anderson, A., Hattie, J. & Hamilton, R.J. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology, 25 (5), 517-535.
  • Arslan, C., Hamarta, E., Arslan, E. & Saygın, Y. (2010). An investigation of aggression and interpersonal problem solving in adolescents. Elementary Education Online, 9 (1), 379-388.
  • Baltaş, A. (2000). Ekip çalışması ve liderlik. Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Basım, H.N., Çetin, F. & Meydan, C.H. (2009). The role of locus of control in interpersonal conflict resolution approaches. Selçuk University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences 2, 57-69.
  • Bryan, S.L. & Sprague, M.M. (1997). The effect of overseas internships on early teaching experiences. The Clearing House, 70 (4). 199-201.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2006). University students’ interpersonal problem solving. Çukurova University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences, 15 (2), 119-132.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2007). Developing the interpersonal problem solving inventory (ipsi): the validity and reliability process. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 28 (3), 95-111.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2008). Development of interpersonal problem solving inventory for high school students: The validity and reliability process. International Journal of Human Sciences, 5 (2), 1-17.
  • Dağ, İ. (2002). Locus of control scale: scale development, reliability and validity study. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 17 (49), 77-90.
  • Deniz, M.E. (2011). An investigation of decision making styles and the five-factor personality traits with respect to attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11, 97-113.
  • De Wied, M., Branje, S.J.T. & Meeus, H.J. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents, Aggressive Behavior, 33, 48–55.
  • Dixon, W.A., Heppner, P.P. & Anderson, W.P. (1991). Problem-solving appraisal, stress, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38 (1), 51-56.
  • Doherty, W.J. (1981). Locus of control differences and marital dissatisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43 (2), 369-377.
  • Dora, S. (2003). Sosyal problem çözme envanteri (revize edilmiş formu)nin türkçe’ye uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Hacettepe University Institute of Social Science, Ankara
  • Essau, C.E. & Trommsdorff, G. (1995). Kontrolorientierung von Jugendlichen in individualistischen und gruppenorientierten Kulturen. [Available online at: https://kops.ub.uni-onstanz.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus98671/Kontrollorientierung_von_Jugendlichen_1995_KOPS9867.pdf?sequence=1] Retrieved on December 21, 2014].
  • Genç, S.Z. & Kalafat, T. (2007). The research on evaluation of prospective teachers’ democratic attitudes and problem solving skills according as different variables. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 22, 10-22.
  • Graf, A. (2003). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer deutschsprachigen Übersetzung des SPSI-R. Zeitschrift für Differnziertielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 24 (4), 277-291.
  • Heppner, P.P. & Baker, C.E. (1997). Applications of the problem solving inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 29, 229-441.
  • Heppner, P.P. & Petersen, C.H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal problem solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29 (1), 66-75.
  • Horowitz, L.M. (2004). Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Isaksen, S., Dorval, K. & Treffinger, D. (2011). Creative approaches to problem solving, A Framework for Innovation and Change, 3. Edition, SAGE Publication.
  • Johnson, D.W. & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Teaching Students to be Peacemakers. Minnesota: Interaction Book Company.
  • Köksal, F. (1991). Denetim odağı ile saldırgan davranışlar arasındaki ilişkiler. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Atatürk University Institute of Social Science, Erzurum. Lefcourt, H.M., Martin, R.A. & Fick, C.M. (1985). Locus of control for affiliation and behavior in social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 755- 759.
  • Loosemore, M. & Lam, A.S.Y. (2004). The locus of control: a determinant of opportunistic behavior in construction health and safety. Construction Management and Economics, 22, 385-394.
  • Marsh, H.W., Chanal J.P. & Sarrazin, P.G. (2006). Self-belief does make a difference: a reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of physical self-concept and gymnastics performance. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24 (1), 101-111.
  • Martin, R., Thomas, G., Charles, K., Epitropaki, O. & McNamara, R. (2005). The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control and work reactions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 141- 147.
  • McCabe, R.E., Blankenstein, K.R. & Mills, J.S. (1999). Interpersonal sensity and social problem solving: relation with academic and social self-depressive symptoms and academic performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 587-604.
  • Morry, M.M. (2003). Perceived locus of control and satisfaction in same-sex friendships, Personal Relationships, 10, 495-509.
  • Nacar. F. (2010). Analysis of the relationship between the communication of the class teachers and their skills to solve ınterpersonal problems. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Çukurova University Institute of Social Science, Adana.
  • Nezu, A.M. (1985) Differences in psychological distress between effective and Ineffective problem solvers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32 (1), 135-138.
  • Oliver, J.E., Jose, P.E. & Brough, P. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of the work locus of control scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 835-851.
  • Otacıoğlu, S.G. (2007). The comparison of problem solving skills of post graduate students in teacher’s colleges in terms of their levels. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 29, 73-83.
  • Öğülmüş, S. (2003). Kişilerarası Sorun Çözme Becerileri ve Eğitimi, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Pehlivan, Z. & Konukman, F. (2004). Comparing the physical education teachers and the other branch teachers in the aspect of problem solving, Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 55-60.
  • Pellegrini, D.S. & Urban, E.S. (1985). An evaluation of interpersonal cognitıve problem solving trainıng with children, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26 (1), 17- 41.
  • Rossier, J., Dahourou, D. & McCrea, R.R. (2005). Structural and mean-level analyses of the five-factor model and locus of control: further evidence from Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 227-246.
  • Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
  • Rotter, J.B. (1990). Internal vs. external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489-493.
  • Serin, O. (2006). The examination of primary school teachers’ problem solving skills in terms of various variables. Education and Science, 31 (142), 80-88.
  • Şahin, N., Şahin, N.H. & Heppner, P.P. (1993). Psychometric properties of the Problem Solving Inventory in a group of Turkish University students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(4), 379–396.
  • Tavlı, O. (2009). Lise öğretmenlerinin problem çözme becerileri ile tükenmişlikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe University Institute of Social Science, Istanbul.
  • Tisdelle, D. & Lawrence, J. (1986). Interpersonal problem-solving competency: Review and critique of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 337-356.
  • Twenge, M.J., Zhang, L. & Im, C. (2004). It’s beyond my control: a cross-temporal metaanalyses of increasing externality in locus of control, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 308-319.
  • Yalçın, B., Tetik, S. & Açıkgöz, A. (2010). A study on the determination of the perceptions of problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control of high school students, Journal of organization and management sciences, 2(2), 19-27.
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2000). Eğitimde Rehberlik Hizmetleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.

An investigation of interpersonal problem solving approaches of foreign language teacher candidates in the context of locus of control

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 93 - 113, 01.04.2015

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpersonal problem solving approaches
and locus of control levels on a basis of different variables, to determine whether or not there
was a significant relationship between interpersonal problem solving approaches and locus of
control, and to reveal whether or not locus of control and gender significantly predicted the
interpersonal problem solving approaches. A total of 262 candidate teachers studying at
university level constituted the study group of the research. Interpersonal Problem Solving
Inventory and Locus of Control Scale were used while collecting research data. In the analysis,
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients technique, independent samples t-test
technique and Simultaneous Multiple Regression Analysis test technique were applied. As a
result of the research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between foreign
language teacher candidates’ interpersonal problem solving approaches and locus of control,
and that the variable of gender differentiated at the lack of self-confidence sub-dimension of
interpersonal problem solving approaches. Furthermore, it was revealed that locus of control
predicted the approaching problems in a negative way. Constructive problem solving, lack of
self-confidence, and insistent-persevering approach dimensions of the interpersonal problem
solving approaches, and the variable of gender, in addition to locus of control, only had an
explanatory effect on the lack of self-confidence dimension.

References

  • Altmayer, C. & Koreik, U. (2010). Empirische Forschung zum landeskundlichkulturbezogenen lernen in Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 15 (2), 1-6 [Available online at: http://zif.spz.tu-darmstadt.de/jg-15- 2/beitrag/AltmayerKoreik.pdf] Retrieved on December 20, 2014].
  • Anderson, A., Hattie, J. & Hamilton, R.J. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology, 25 (5), 517-535.
  • Arslan, C., Hamarta, E., Arslan, E. & Saygın, Y. (2010). An investigation of aggression and interpersonal problem solving in adolescents. Elementary Education Online, 9 (1), 379-388.
  • Baltaş, A. (2000). Ekip çalışması ve liderlik. Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Basım, H.N., Çetin, F. & Meydan, C.H. (2009). The role of locus of control in interpersonal conflict resolution approaches. Selçuk University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences 2, 57-69.
  • Bryan, S.L. & Sprague, M.M. (1997). The effect of overseas internships on early teaching experiences. The Clearing House, 70 (4). 199-201.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2006). University students’ interpersonal problem solving. Çukurova University Journal of the Institute Social Sciences, 15 (2), 119-132.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2007). Developing the interpersonal problem solving inventory (ipsi): the validity and reliability process. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 28 (3), 95-111.
  • Çam, S. & Tümkaya, S. (2008). Development of interpersonal problem solving inventory for high school students: The validity and reliability process. International Journal of Human Sciences, 5 (2), 1-17.
  • Dağ, İ. (2002). Locus of control scale: scale development, reliability and validity study. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 17 (49), 77-90.
  • Deniz, M.E. (2011). An investigation of decision making styles and the five-factor personality traits with respect to attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11, 97-113.
  • De Wied, M., Branje, S.J.T. & Meeus, H.J. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents, Aggressive Behavior, 33, 48–55.
  • Dixon, W.A., Heppner, P.P. & Anderson, W.P. (1991). Problem-solving appraisal, stress, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in a college population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38 (1), 51-56.
  • Doherty, W.J. (1981). Locus of control differences and marital dissatisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43 (2), 369-377.
  • Dora, S. (2003). Sosyal problem çözme envanteri (revize edilmiş formu)nin türkçe’ye uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Hacettepe University Institute of Social Science, Ankara
  • Essau, C.E. & Trommsdorff, G. (1995). Kontrolorientierung von Jugendlichen in individualistischen und gruppenorientierten Kulturen. [Available online at: https://kops.ub.uni-onstanz.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus98671/Kontrollorientierung_von_Jugendlichen_1995_KOPS9867.pdf?sequence=1] Retrieved on December 21, 2014].
  • Genç, S.Z. & Kalafat, T. (2007). The research on evaluation of prospective teachers’ democratic attitudes and problem solving skills according as different variables. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 22, 10-22.
  • Graf, A. (2003). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer deutschsprachigen Übersetzung des SPSI-R. Zeitschrift für Differnziertielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 24 (4), 277-291.
  • Heppner, P.P. & Baker, C.E. (1997). Applications of the problem solving inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 29, 229-441.
  • Heppner, P.P. & Petersen, C.H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal problem solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29 (1), 66-75.
  • Horowitz, L.M. (2004). Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Isaksen, S., Dorval, K. & Treffinger, D. (2011). Creative approaches to problem solving, A Framework for Innovation and Change, 3. Edition, SAGE Publication.
  • Johnson, D.W. & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Teaching Students to be Peacemakers. Minnesota: Interaction Book Company.
  • Köksal, F. (1991). Denetim odağı ile saldırgan davranışlar arasındaki ilişkiler. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Atatürk University Institute of Social Science, Erzurum. Lefcourt, H.M., Martin, R.A. & Fick, C.M. (1985). Locus of control for affiliation and behavior in social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 755- 759.
  • Loosemore, M. & Lam, A.S.Y. (2004). The locus of control: a determinant of opportunistic behavior in construction health and safety. Construction Management and Economics, 22, 385-394.
  • Marsh, H.W., Chanal J.P. & Sarrazin, P.G. (2006). Self-belief does make a difference: a reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of physical self-concept and gymnastics performance. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24 (1), 101-111.
  • Martin, R., Thomas, G., Charles, K., Epitropaki, O. & McNamara, R. (2005). The role of leader-member exchanges in mediating the relationship between locus of control and work reactions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 141- 147.
  • McCabe, R.E., Blankenstein, K.R. & Mills, J.S. (1999). Interpersonal sensity and social problem solving: relation with academic and social self-depressive symptoms and academic performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 587-604.
  • Morry, M.M. (2003). Perceived locus of control and satisfaction in same-sex friendships, Personal Relationships, 10, 495-509.
  • Nacar. F. (2010). Analysis of the relationship between the communication of the class teachers and their skills to solve ınterpersonal problems. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Çukurova University Institute of Social Science, Adana.
  • Nezu, A.M. (1985) Differences in psychological distress between effective and Ineffective problem solvers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32 (1), 135-138.
  • Oliver, J.E., Jose, P.E. & Brough, P. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of the work locus of control scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 835-851.
  • Otacıoğlu, S.G. (2007). The comparison of problem solving skills of post graduate students in teacher’s colleges in terms of their levels. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 29, 73-83.
  • Öğülmüş, S. (2003). Kişilerarası Sorun Çözme Becerileri ve Eğitimi, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Pehlivan, Z. & Konukman, F. (2004). Comparing the physical education teachers and the other branch teachers in the aspect of problem solving, Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 55-60.
  • Pellegrini, D.S. & Urban, E.S. (1985). An evaluation of interpersonal cognitıve problem solving trainıng with children, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26 (1), 17- 41.
  • Rossier, J., Dahourou, D. & McCrea, R.R. (2005). Structural and mean-level analyses of the five-factor model and locus of control: further evidence from Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 227-246.
  • Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
  • Rotter, J.B. (1990). Internal vs. external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489-493.
  • Serin, O. (2006). The examination of primary school teachers’ problem solving skills in terms of various variables. Education and Science, 31 (142), 80-88.
  • Şahin, N., Şahin, N.H. & Heppner, P.P. (1993). Psychometric properties of the Problem Solving Inventory in a group of Turkish University students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(4), 379–396.
  • Tavlı, O. (2009). Lise öğretmenlerinin problem çözme becerileri ile tükenmişlikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Yeditepe University Institute of Social Science, Istanbul.
  • Tisdelle, D. & Lawrence, J. (1986). Interpersonal problem-solving competency: Review and critique of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 337-356.
  • Twenge, M.J., Zhang, L. & Im, C. (2004). It’s beyond my control: a cross-temporal metaanalyses of increasing externality in locus of control, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 308-319.
  • Yalçın, B., Tetik, S. & Açıkgöz, A. (2010). A study on the determination of the perceptions of problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control of high school students, Journal of organization and management sciences, 2(2), 19-27.
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2000). Eğitimde Rehberlik Hizmetleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA67ZV28CU
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mukadder Seyhan Yücel

Publication Date April 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Seyhan Yücel, M. (2015). Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 93-113.
AMA Seyhan Yücel M. Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi. EBAD - JESR. April 2015;5(1):93-113.
Chicago Seyhan Yücel, Mukadder. “Yabancı Dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası Problem çözme yaklaşımlarının Kontrol odağı bağlamında Incelenmesi”. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 1 (April 2015): 93-113.
EndNote Seyhan Yücel M (April 1, 2015) Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 1 93–113.
IEEE M. Seyhan Yücel, “Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi”, EBAD - JESR, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 93–113, 2015.
ISNAD Seyhan Yücel, Mukadder. “Yabancı Dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası Problem çözme yaklaşımlarının Kontrol odağı bağlamında Incelenmesi”. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/1 (April 2015), 93-113.
JAMA Seyhan Yücel M. Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi. EBAD - JESR. 2015;5:93–113.
MLA Seyhan Yücel, Mukadder. “Yabancı Dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası Problem çözme yaklaşımlarının Kontrol odağı bağlamında Incelenmesi”. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 93-113.
Vancouver Seyhan Yücel M. Yabancı dil öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası problem çözme yaklaşımlarının kontrol odağı bağlamında incelenmesi. EBAD - JESR. 2015;5(1):93-113.