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Influence of Tropical Volcanic Eruptions on Turkey’s Summer Air Temperatures in the Second Half of the 20th Century

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 14.08.2015

Öz

This study investigated changes in Turkey’s summer average maximum and minimum air temperatures led by the three volcanic eruptions (VEI > 5 and IVI > 0.2) occurred tropical zone during the second half of the 20th Century. Results of the analysis performed by using the air temperature observations of 65 climatological and meteorological stations revealed that the average maximum and minimum air temperatures decreased in the first two years following a strong volcanic eruption. The most evident change in summer air temperatures was seen in the maximum air temperatures, whilst the decreasing tendency was much severe in the second summer season (Summer +1) after a strong volcanic eruption. In the SummerMax +1, air temperatures decreased at almost all stations except three stations, and observed departures were above 1°C at 33 stations. Although responds of the minimum air temperatures to the volcanic eruptions were not as great as those in maximum air temperatures, the greater decreasing tendency was detected in the following third summer season (SummerMin +2) after a volcanic eruption. According to the composite average of the 65 stations, average minimum air temperatures during the SummerMin +2 compared the reference period indicated a decrease of air temperature with -0.47°C, whereas air temperatures remained below the averages of the reference period at the 57 stations.  The strongest cooling tendency in Turkey was observed after the 1982 El Chichón volcanic eruption. 

Key Words: Solar radiation, Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures, Sulphate Aerosol, Composite Anomaly.

Kaynakça

  • Ammann, C. M., Naveau P. 2003. ‘Statistical analysis of tropical explosive volcanism occurrences over the last 6 centuries’. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1210, doi:10.1029/2002GL016388, 5.
  • Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H., Yamagata, T. 2007. ‘El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection’. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
  • Bradley, R. S. 1988. ‘The explosive volcanic eruption signal in Northern Hemisphere continental temperature records’. Climate Change 12, 221 –243.
  • Chen, F., Yuan, Y., Wei W., Wang L., Yu S., Zhang R., Fan Z., Shang H., Zhang T., Li Y. 2012. ‘Tree ring density-based summer temperature reconstruction for Zajsan Lake area, East Kazakhstan’. International Journal of Climatolology 32: 1089–1097.
  • Deshler, T. 2008. ‘A review of global stratospheric aerosol: Measurements, importance, life cycle, and local stratospheric aerosol’. Atmospheric Research 90, 223–232.
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2013. ‘Tropikal Kuşakta Gerçekleşen Volkanik Püskürmelerin Hava Sıcaklıklarına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği’ Profesör Doktor İlhan Kayan’a Armağan Kitabı Sayfa 423-431.Yayın Evi: Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No: 181, Bornova.
  • Esper, J., Schneider, L., Krusic, P. J., Luterbacher, J., Büntgen, U., Timonen, M., Sirocko, F., Zorita, E. 2013. ‘European summer temperature response to annually dated volcanic eruptions over the past nine centuries’. Bulletin of Volcanology 75, 736.
  • Fischer, E. M., Luterbacher, J., Zorita, E., Tett, S. F. B., Casty, C., Wanner, H. 2007. ‘European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium’. Geophysical Reserach Letters 34 (5), doi:10.1029/2006GL027992.
  • Jones, P. D., Moberg, A., Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R. 2004. ‘Surface climate responses to explosive volcanic eruptions seen in long European temperature records and mid-to-high latitude tree-ring density around the Northern Hemisphere’. Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Geophysic Monograph Series 139, edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 239– 254, AGU, Washington, D. C.
  • Kelly, P. M., Pengqun, J., Jones, P. D. 1996. ‘The spatial response of the climate system to explosive volcanic eruptions’. International Journal of Climatology 16, 537– 550.
  • Köse, N., Akkemik, U., Güner, H.T., Dalfes, H.N., Grissino-Mayer, H.D., Özeren, M,S,, Kindap, T. 2013. ‘An improved reconstruction of May-June precipitation using tree-ring data from western Turkey and its links to volcanic eruptions’. International Journal of Biometeorology 57(5), 691- 701.
  • Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., Wanner, H. 2004. ‘European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500’. Science 303, 1499-1503.
  • Robock, A., Mao J. 1995. ‘The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations’. Journal of Climate 8, 1086-1103.
  • Robock, A. Free, M. P. 1995. ‘Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present’. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 11549-11567.
  • Robock, A. 2000. ‘Volcanic eruptions and climate’. Reviews of Geophysics 38, 191-219.
  • Shindell, D. T., Schmidt G. A., Mann M. E., Faluvegi G. 2004. ‘Dynamic winter climate response to large tropical volcanic eruptions since 1600’. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D05104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004151.
  • Stenchikov, G. L., Kirchner, I., Robock, A., Graf, H.F., Antuña, J. C., Grainger, R. G., Lambert, A., Thomason, L. 1998. ‘Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption’. Journal of Geophysical Reserach 103, 13837-13857.
  • Trigo, R. M., Vaquero, J. M., Alcoforado, M. J., Barriendos, M., Taborda, J., Garcia-Herrera, R., Luterbacher, J. 2009. ‘Iberia in 1816, the year without summer’. International Journal of Climatology 29, 99–115.
  • Türkeş, M. 2010. Klimatoloji ve Meteoroloji. Birinci Baskı, Kriter Yayınevi - Yayın No. 63, Fiziki Coğrafya Serisi No. 1, ISBN: 978-605-4613-26-7, 650 + XXII sayfa, İstanbul.

20. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA TROPİKAL KUŞAKTA GERÇEKLEŞEN VOLKANİK PÜSKÜRMELERİN TÜRKİYE’DE YAZ HAVA SICAKLIKLARINA ETKİSİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 14.08.2015

Öz

Çalışmada 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında tropikal kuşakta gerçekleşen (VEI > 5 ve IVI > 0.2) üç volkanik püskürmenin, yaz mevsiminde Türkiye’deki maksimum ve minimum hava sıcaklıklarında oluşturduğu değişmeler incelenmiştir. Türkiye’deki 65 klimatoloji ve meteoroloji istasyonunun sıcaklık gözlemleri kullanılarak yapılan analiz sonuçları, kuvvetli bir volkanik püskürmeyi izleyen ilk iki yıl boyunca ortalama maksimum ve minimum hava sıcaklıklarının azaldığını göstermiştir. Yaz sıcaklıklarında en belirgin değişiklik, maksimum hava sıcaklıklarında görülmekte, azalma eğilimi volkanik püskürmeyi izleyen ikinci yaz mevsiminde (YAZ +1) daha da şiddetlenmektedir. YAZMAK +1’de üç istasyon dışında tüm istasyonlarda hava sıcaklıkları azalmış, 33 istasyonda gözlenen negatif sapma değeri 1°C’yi geçmiştir. Minimum hava sıcaklıklarının volkanik püskürmelere verdiği yanıt, maksimum hava sıcaklıklarındaki kadar belirgin olmamakla birlikte, en kuvvetli azalma eğilimi bir volkanik püskürmeyi izleyen üçüncü yaz mevsiminde (YAZMİN +2) bulunmuştur. 65 istasyonun birleşik ortalamasına göre YAZMİN +2’de ortalama minimum hava sıcaklıkları referans dönemine göre  -0.47°C azalma göstermiş, 57 istasyonda sıcaklık değerleri referans dönemi ortalamalarının altında kalmıştır. Türkiye’de en kuvvetli soğuma eğilimi 1982 El Chichón volkan püskürmesi sonrasında gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Güneş radyasyonu, Maksimum ve Minimum Hava Sıcaklıkları, Sülfat Aerosolü, Birleşik Anomali.

Kaynakça

  • Ammann, C. M., Naveau P. 2003. ‘Statistical analysis of tropical explosive volcanism occurrences over the last 6 centuries’. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1210, doi:10.1029/2002GL016388, 5.
  • Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H., Yamagata, T. 2007. ‘El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection’. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
  • Bradley, R. S. 1988. ‘The explosive volcanic eruption signal in Northern Hemisphere continental temperature records’. Climate Change 12, 221 –243.
  • Chen, F., Yuan, Y., Wei W., Wang L., Yu S., Zhang R., Fan Z., Shang H., Zhang T., Li Y. 2012. ‘Tree ring density-based summer temperature reconstruction for Zajsan Lake area, East Kazakhstan’. International Journal of Climatolology 32: 1089–1097.
  • Deshler, T. 2008. ‘A review of global stratospheric aerosol: Measurements, importance, life cycle, and local stratospheric aerosol’. Atmospheric Research 90, 223–232.
  • Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2013. ‘Tropikal Kuşakta Gerçekleşen Volkanik Püskürmelerin Hava Sıcaklıklarına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği’ Profesör Doktor İlhan Kayan’a Armağan Kitabı Sayfa 423-431.Yayın Evi: Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No: 181, Bornova.
  • Esper, J., Schneider, L., Krusic, P. J., Luterbacher, J., Büntgen, U., Timonen, M., Sirocko, F., Zorita, E. 2013. ‘European summer temperature response to annually dated volcanic eruptions over the past nine centuries’. Bulletin of Volcanology 75, 736.
  • Fischer, E. M., Luterbacher, J., Zorita, E., Tett, S. F. B., Casty, C., Wanner, H. 2007. ‘European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium’. Geophysical Reserach Letters 34 (5), doi:10.1029/2006GL027992.
  • Jones, P. D., Moberg, A., Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R. 2004. ‘Surface climate responses to explosive volcanic eruptions seen in long European temperature records and mid-to-high latitude tree-ring density around the Northern Hemisphere’. Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Geophysic Monograph Series 139, edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 239– 254, AGU, Washington, D. C.
  • Kelly, P. M., Pengqun, J., Jones, P. D. 1996. ‘The spatial response of the climate system to explosive volcanic eruptions’. International Journal of Climatology 16, 537– 550.
  • Köse, N., Akkemik, U., Güner, H.T., Dalfes, H.N., Grissino-Mayer, H.D., Özeren, M,S,, Kindap, T. 2013. ‘An improved reconstruction of May-June precipitation using tree-ring data from western Turkey and its links to volcanic eruptions’. International Journal of Biometeorology 57(5), 691- 701.
  • Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., Wanner, H. 2004. ‘European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500’. Science 303, 1499-1503.
  • Robock, A., Mao J. 1995. ‘The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations’. Journal of Climate 8, 1086-1103.
  • Robock, A. Free, M. P. 1995. ‘Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present’. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 11549-11567.
  • Robock, A. 2000. ‘Volcanic eruptions and climate’. Reviews of Geophysics 38, 191-219.
  • Shindell, D. T., Schmidt G. A., Mann M. E., Faluvegi G. 2004. ‘Dynamic winter climate response to large tropical volcanic eruptions since 1600’. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, D05104, doi:10.1029/2003JD004151.
  • Stenchikov, G. L., Kirchner, I., Robock, A., Graf, H.F., Antuña, J. C., Grainger, R. G., Lambert, A., Thomason, L. 1998. ‘Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption’. Journal of Geophysical Reserach 103, 13837-13857.
  • Trigo, R. M., Vaquero, J. M., Alcoforado, M. J., Barriendos, M., Taborda, J., Garcia-Herrera, R., Luterbacher, J. 2009. ‘Iberia in 1816, the year without summer’. International Journal of Climatology 29, 99–115.
  • Türkeş, M. 2010. Klimatoloji ve Meteoroloji. Birinci Baskı, Kriter Yayınevi - Yayın No. 63, Fiziki Coğrafya Serisi No. 1, ISBN: 978-605-4613-26-7, 650 + XXII sayfa, İstanbul.
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ecmel Erlat

Murat Türkeş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erlat, E., & Türkeş, M. (2015). Influence of Tropical Volcanic Eruptions on Turkey’s Summer Air Temperatures in the Second Half of the 20th Century. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 24(1), 1-14.