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An Assessment on Bîrûnî's Contrıbutıons to Physıcal Geography

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 425 - 448, 18.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1166414

Abstract

In this study, the contributions of Birûnî, who produced important works in the field of earth sciences, on Physical Geography were examined. To achive this goal, some of Bîrûnî's books that have survived to the present day, translated into Turkish or English, were taken as basis. Tahdid (Tahdidü Nihhâyâti'l-Emâkin), India (Tahkiku Mâ li'l Hind), The Chornology of Ancient Nations (El-Âsar al-Bakiye) are the works that served as the source of our research. Bîrûnî was born in the city of Kat (Harizm), and studied Geography, Astronomy, Mathematics, Philosophy, Religious Studies, and produced works in many other fields. In particular, his contribution to Physical Geography is undeniable. He discussed the shape, size and movements of the earth and reached present day conclusions. He made observations on how the Earth's surface was shaped and what forces were influential, and he developed theories ahead of his time. He explained the processes of erosion, transport and deposition as well as explaining the characteristics of the earth's crust. Bîrûnî discussed the zenital movements of the sun. He debated whether the earth revolves around itself and the sun. He made evaluations about isostasy and gravitational force. He focused on some concepts that were not included in the work written on physical geography until his time. He wrote the Physical geography of India. Bîrûnî assessed the characteristics of monsoon winds blowing from the Indian ocean, their time of change and movement in various directions. He was the first to define the orographic type, one of the precipitation formation mechanisms. By examining the features of many streams, the philosopher revealed the first examples of Fluvial Geomorphology. The thinker made statements on issues such as the origins of the seas, their levels and salinity characteristics. He also found that a large sea covered the area between the great Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Bîrûnî observed the existence of fossils, which are the remains of living things, found in rocks far from the seas and at high altitudes, and explained their importance in terms of world history. He revealed the relationship of tidal movements to the phases of the Moon and determined the density value of many minerals with very high accuracy.

References

  • Aber, James S. (2013). Abu Rayhan al-Birûnî, history of geology. http://academic.emporia.edu/ aberjame/histgeol/Birûnî/Birûnî.htm.
  • Ahmad, R. (2010). Al-Bîrûnî: A great Muslim scientist, philosopher and historian (973–1050 AD). Pakistan Vision, 10(1), 167-179.
  • Ahmad S. M. (2000). Geodesy, geology and mineralogy geography and cartography The Silk Route Across Central Asia, Part one, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV, UNESCO.
  • Akiyama, T. (1988). Islamıc perspectıves on scıence and technology. The Institute of Middle Eastern Studies International University of Japan.
  • Alavi, S.M. (1975). Al-Birûnî's contribution to Physical Geography. Indian Journal of the History of Science 10(2), 230-234.
  • Alıcı, M. (2003). Bir dinler tarihçisi olarak Birûnî ve Tahhkiki Malil Hind’de Tanrı kavramına yaklaşımı. İÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 209-229.
  • Al Rawi, M. (2001). Geology and mineralogy, in science and technology in İslam Part 1. Al Hassan (Ed.), EY, Lebenan: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Anawati, G. C. (2013). Birûnî, Abu Rayhan v. pharmacology and mineralogy. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4(3), 281–282.
  • Azkaei, P. (2015). Abu Reyhan-el Birûnî. (Çev. Javad Daneshara ve Manijeh Azkaei). Madestan Pub.
  • Barani, S.H. (1956). Al Birûnî and his Magnum Opus Al Qanunu’l Mas’udi (An İntroductory Discourse on the Arabic text), Osmania Oriental Publication Bureau, India.
  • Birûnî. (1879). The Chronology of ancient nations: An English version of the Arabic text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiya of Albîrûnî, Or Vestiges of the Past. E. Sachau (Ed.). Oriental translation fund of Great Britain & Ireland.
  • Birûnî. (1954). Al Qanunu’l Mas’udi (Canon Masudicus), Osmania Oriental Publication Bureau, India.
  • Birûnî. (1967). Determination of the coordinates of positions for the correction of distances between cities. (Çev. Jamil Ali). The American University of Beirut Publication, Syracuse Univ Pr.
  • Birûnî. (1971). Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Alberuni’s India. (Translated. Edward C. Sachau). New York: Norton.
  • Birûnî. (2011). Maziden Kalanlar (El-Asar el Bakiye), (Çev. Ahsen Batur). Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Birûnî. (2013). Tahddidü Nihây âti’l Emâkin. (Çev. Buslan K. ve Transliterasyon: Gökdoğan DM. ve Uymaz T.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Birûnî. (2017). Kıymetli taşlar ve metaller (el Cemahir fi Ma'rifeti'l Cevahir), (Çev. Özcan, E.S.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Birûnî. (2018). Tahkiku Ma Li’l-Hind (Birûnî’nin Gözüyle Hindistan). (Çev. Kıvameddin Burslan). Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Deming, D. (2010). Science and technology in world history. Volume 2, Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, London.
  • Duman, A. (2010). Bîrûnî: İlmî kişiliği tarih anlayışı ve yöntemi. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 10(2), 19-38.
  • Duman, A. (2015). Birûnî, Türk tarihi araştırmaları, https://www.altayli.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Birûnî.pdf
  • Duman, A. (2019). Bîrûnî’nin kullandığı bazı ilgi çekici kavramlar. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(Özel Sayı), 77-96.
  • El-Bushra, E. S., & Muhammadain, M. M. (1992). Perspectives on the contribution of Arabs and Muslims to geography. GeoJournal, 26(2), 157-166.
  • Gafurov, B. (1974). Al-Birûnî, a universal genius who lived in the central Asia a thousand of years ago, The Unesco Courier, 4-9.
  • Gazor, M. (2018). A brief description on a few mathematical research works from Al-Birûnî, book of abstracts, 4th Birûnî Interdisciplinary International conference Institute of Modern Languages Auditorium University of Dhaka (p. 29-37). April 19 – 21.
  • Gibb., H.A.R., & J.H. Kramers. (1986). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition. Vol. 1. 12 vols. Leiden: E.J. Brıll.
  • Glick T. F. (2005). Al Birûnî, in medieval science, technology and medicine: An Encyclopedia. Thomas Glick, Steven J. Livesey and Faith Wallis, Routledge (Eds).
  • Günay, N. (2013). Al-Birûnî’s contribution to the history of religions. Milel ve Nihal Dergisi, 10 (3), 85-110.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (1992). Ebü'r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî, cilt: 6, 206-215.
  • IEP. (2018). Ancient Greek philosophy, ınternet encyclopedia of philosophy. 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Kamiar, M. (2009). Brilliant Birûnî: A life story of Abu Rayhan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad. Lanham, Maryland: Sscarecrow press, toronto.
  • Karabulut, M. (2019). Jeomorfoloji tarihi 1: Erken dönem (1669’a Kadar). lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (40), 415-438.
  • Kazmi, H.A. (1978). An analytical study of Al Beruni’s geographical knowledge and concepts. Dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, India.
  • Kennedy E. S. (2005). Mathematical geography, in Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science. RASHED ROSHDI (Ed.), Volume 1, (s. 185-202). Routledge.
  • Meçin, M. M. (2014). Ebu Reyhan El Birûnî ve bilimsel bakışı üzerine bir analiz. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 20, 1-32.
  • Mirza, M. (2011). Bīrūnī’s thought and legacy, religion compass. 5(10), 609–623. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00301.x
  • Nasr, S. H. (1978). An introduction to Islamic cosmological doctrines: Conceptions of nature and methods used for ıts study by the Ikhwan al-Safa’, al-Birûnî, and Ibn Sina. Revised (Ed.) London: Thames and Hudson,
  • Oliver, J.E. (1991). al-Birûnî's chronology: A source for historical climatology. Climatic Change 18 (4), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00142971
  • Özcan, E. S. (2007). Bilgi büyücüsü Birûnî. Ötüken yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özcan, E. S. (2013). The life of Abu’r-Rayhan Muhammed bin Ahmed al-Birûnî (973-1061). Milel ve Nihal, 10 (3), 9-24.
  • Panikkar, N.K., & Srinivasan, T.M. (1975). Al Birûnî and the theory of tides. IJHS, 10(2), 235-241.
  • Paul, T. (2012). The creation-evolution debate: An Islamic perspektife. A Dissertation submitted to King’s College, London, University of London.
  • Rather, G.M., & Kanth, T.A. (2018). Contribution of muslim scholars and its ımpact on development of Geography. İnternational Journal of Movement Education and Social Science, 7(2), 767-775.
  • Samian A. (2007). Virtues in Al-Birûnî’s philosophy of science. In: Tymieniecka AT. (eds) Timing and Temporality in Islamic Philosophy and Phenomenology of Life. Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Sarton, G. (1975). Introduction to the history of science: From homer to Omar Khayyam. New York: Krieger Publishing Company, 3(5).
  • Sayılı A. (1974). Doğumunun 1000. yılında Beyruni, Beyruni’ye armağan. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları VII. Dizi, Ankara Sparavigna, A.C. (2013). The science of Al-Birûnî. International Journal of Sciences, 2(12), 52-60.
  • Schoy, C. (1924). The geography of the Moslems of the Middle Ages. Geographical Review, 14(2), 257-269.
  • Sezgin, F. (2007). İslamda bilim ve teknik. 1. Cilt, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Shanavas, T.O. (2005). Creation and/or evolution: An Islamic perspective. Xlibris Corporation, Philadephia.
  • Siddiqi, A.H. (1991). Geographers: Bibliographical Studies. GEOFFREY J. MARTIN (Ed.), London and New York: Mansell, 13.
  • Siddiqi A.H. (1995). Muslim geographic thought and the ınfluence of Greek philosophy. GeoJournal, The Muslim World (September 1995), 37(1), 9-15.
  • Siddiqi A.H. (2006). Al‐Bīrūnī and geography. In: Selin H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9758
  • Sparavigna, A. C. (2014). Al-Birûnî and the mathematical geography. Philica, 10.5281/zenodo.3362206. hal-02264631. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02264631.
  • Starr, F. (2021). Kayıp aydınlanma (Lost enlightenment: Central Asia's golden age). (Çev. İnanç, Y.S). Kronik Kitap.
  • Şerbetçi, M. (2021). Birûnî ve jeodeziye katkısı. https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files /articles/Birûnî-ve-jeodeziye-katkisi-939.pdf
  • Tümer, G. (1991). Biruni'ye Göre Dinler ve İslam Dini. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Walled A. Al-Monaes. (1991). Muslim contributions to geography until the end of the 12th century AD. GeoJournal, 25(4), 393-400.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2019). Bîrûnî’nin coğrafya alanındaki çalışmaların incelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans tezi.

Bîrûnî'nin Fiziki Coğrafyaya katkıları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 425 - 448, 18.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1166414

Abstract

Bu çalışmada yer bilimleri alanında önemli eserler üretmiş olan Birûnî’nin Fiziki Coğrafya konusunda ortya koyduğu katkılar incelenmiştir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda Bîrûnî’nin günümüze kadar ulaşan Türkçe yada İngilizceye çevrilen bazı kitapları esas alınmıştır. Tahdid (Tahdîdü Nihâyâti’l-Emâkin), Hindistan (Tahkiku Mâ li’l Hind), Maziden Kalanlar (El-Âsar el-Bâkiye) aratırmamıza kaynaklık eden eserlerdir. Harizm’in Kat şehrinde doğan Bîrûnî, Coğrafya, Astronomi, Matematik, Felsefe, Din Bilimleri ve diğer birçok alanda çalışmalar yaparak eserler üretti ve açıklamalarda bulundu. Özellikle Fiziki Coğrafyaya yadsınamayacak düzeyde katkı sağladı. Yerkürenin şekli, boyutu ve hareketlerini tartıştı ve günüze yakın sonuçlara ulaştı. Dünya yüzeyinin nasıl şekillendiği ve hangi güçlerin etklili olduğu konusunda gözlemler yaptı ve çağının ilerisinde teoriler geliştirdi. Yer kabuğunun özellikleriyle birlikte erozyon, taşıma ve birikme süreçlerini açıkladı. Güneşin zenital hareketlerini ele aldı. Dünyanın hemde kendi hemde güneş etrafında dönüp ya da dönmediğine dair tartışmalar yaptı. İzostasi ve yer çekimi kuvvetine dair değerlendirmelerde bulundu. Kendi dönemine kadar fiziki coğrafya konusunda yazılmış eserde yer almayan bir çok kavram üzerinde durdu. Hindistan’ın Fiziki coğrayasını yazdı. Hint okyanusundan esen Muson rüzgarlarının özelliklerini, değişim zamanlarını ve çeşitli yönlerdeki hareketlerini değerlendirdi. Yağış oluşum mekanizmalarından birisi oaln orografik tipi ilk açıklmaya çalışan düşünür oldu. Akarsuların yeryüzeyini şekillendirmedeki rollerini inceleyerek fluviyal Jeomorfolojinin temellerini attı. Denizlerin kökenleri, seviyeleri, tuzluluk özellikleri gibi konularda açıklamalarda bulundu. Ayrıca büyük bir denizin Akdeniz ile Hint okyanusu arasındaki bölgeyi kapladığını tespit etti. Denizlerden uzakta ve yüksekte bulunan kayaların içerisinde bulunan canlı kalıntıları olan fosillerin varlığını gözlemledi ve dünya tarihi açısından önemlerini açıkladı. Gelgit hareketlerinin Ay’ın evreleriyle ilişkisini ortaya koydu. Birçok mineralin yoğunluk değerini yüksek doğrulukta belirledi.

References

  • Aber, James S. (2013). Abu Rayhan al-Birûnî, history of geology. http://academic.emporia.edu/ aberjame/histgeol/Birûnî/Birûnî.htm.
  • Ahmad, R. (2010). Al-Bîrûnî: A great Muslim scientist, philosopher and historian (973–1050 AD). Pakistan Vision, 10(1), 167-179.
  • Ahmad S. M. (2000). Geodesy, geology and mineralogy geography and cartography The Silk Route Across Central Asia, Part one, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV, UNESCO.
  • Akiyama, T. (1988). Islamıc perspectıves on scıence and technology. The Institute of Middle Eastern Studies International University of Japan.
  • Alavi, S.M. (1975). Al-Birûnî's contribution to Physical Geography. Indian Journal of the History of Science 10(2), 230-234.
  • Alıcı, M. (2003). Bir dinler tarihçisi olarak Birûnî ve Tahhkiki Malil Hind’de Tanrı kavramına yaklaşımı. İÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 209-229.
  • Al Rawi, M. (2001). Geology and mineralogy, in science and technology in İslam Part 1. Al Hassan (Ed.), EY, Lebenan: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Anawati, G. C. (2013). Birûnî, Abu Rayhan v. pharmacology and mineralogy. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4(3), 281–282.
  • Azkaei, P. (2015). Abu Reyhan-el Birûnî. (Çev. Javad Daneshara ve Manijeh Azkaei). Madestan Pub.
  • Barani, S.H. (1956). Al Birûnî and his Magnum Opus Al Qanunu’l Mas’udi (An İntroductory Discourse on the Arabic text), Osmania Oriental Publication Bureau, India.
  • Birûnî. (1879). The Chronology of ancient nations: An English version of the Arabic text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiya of Albîrûnî, Or Vestiges of the Past. E. Sachau (Ed.). Oriental translation fund of Great Britain & Ireland.
  • Birûnî. (1954). Al Qanunu’l Mas’udi (Canon Masudicus), Osmania Oriental Publication Bureau, India.
  • Birûnî. (1967). Determination of the coordinates of positions for the correction of distances between cities. (Çev. Jamil Ali). The American University of Beirut Publication, Syracuse Univ Pr.
  • Birûnî. (1971). Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Alberuni’s India. (Translated. Edward C. Sachau). New York: Norton.
  • Birûnî. (2011). Maziden Kalanlar (El-Asar el Bakiye), (Çev. Ahsen Batur). Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Birûnî. (2013). Tahddidü Nihây âti’l Emâkin. (Çev. Buslan K. ve Transliterasyon: Gökdoğan DM. ve Uymaz T.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Birûnî. (2017). Kıymetli taşlar ve metaller (el Cemahir fi Ma'rifeti'l Cevahir), (Çev. Özcan, E.S.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Birûnî. (2018). Tahkiku Ma Li’l-Hind (Birûnî’nin Gözüyle Hindistan). (Çev. Kıvameddin Burslan). Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Deming, D. (2010). Science and technology in world history. Volume 2, Early Christianity, the Rise of Islam and the Middle Ages, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, London.
  • Duman, A. (2010). Bîrûnî: İlmî kişiliği tarih anlayışı ve yöntemi. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 10(2), 19-38.
  • Duman, A. (2015). Birûnî, Türk tarihi araştırmaları, https://www.altayli.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Birûnî.pdf
  • Duman, A. (2019). Bîrûnî’nin kullandığı bazı ilgi çekici kavramlar. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(Özel Sayı), 77-96.
  • El-Bushra, E. S., & Muhammadain, M. M. (1992). Perspectives on the contribution of Arabs and Muslims to geography. GeoJournal, 26(2), 157-166.
  • Gafurov, B. (1974). Al-Birûnî, a universal genius who lived in the central Asia a thousand of years ago, The Unesco Courier, 4-9.
  • Gazor, M. (2018). A brief description on a few mathematical research works from Al-Birûnî, book of abstracts, 4th Birûnî Interdisciplinary International conference Institute of Modern Languages Auditorium University of Dhaka (p. 29-37). April 19 – 21.
  • Gibb., H.A.R., & J.H. Kramers. (1986). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition. Vol. 1. 12 vols. Leiden: E.J. Brıll.
  • Glick T. F. (2005). Al Birûnî, in medieval science, technology and medicine: An Encyclopedia. Thomas Glick, Steven J. Livesey and Faith Wallis, Routledge (Eds).
  • Günay, N. (2013). Al-Birûnî’s contribution to the history of religions. Milel ve Nihal Dergisi, 10 (3), 85-110.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (1992). Ebü'r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî, cilt: 6, 206-215.
  • IEP. (2018). Ancient Greek philosophy, ınternet encyclopedia of philosophy. 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Kamiar, M. (2009). Brilliant Birûnî: A life story of Abu Rayhan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad. Lanham, Maryland: Sscarecrow press, toronto.
  • Karabulut, M. (2019). Jeomorfoloji tarihi 1: Erken dönem (1669’a Kadar). lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (40), 415-438.
  • Kazmi, H.A. (1978). An analytical study of Al Beruni’s geographical knowledge and concepts. Dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, India.
  • Kennedy E. S. (2005). Mathematical geography, in Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science. RASHED ROSHDI (Ed.), Volume 1, (s. 185-202). Routledge.
  • Meçin, M. M. (2014). Ebu Reyhan El Birûnî ve bilimsel bakışı üzerine bir analiz. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 20, 1-32.
  • Mirza, M. (2011). Bīrūnī’s thought and legacy, religion compass. 5(10), 609–623. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00301.x
  • Nasr, S. H. (1978). An introduction to Islamic cosmological doctrines: Conceptions of nature and methods used for ıts study by the Ikhwan al-Safa’, al-Birûnî, and Ibn Sina. Revised (Ed.) London: Thames and Hudson,
  • Oliver, J.E. (1991). al-Birûnî's chronology: A source for historical climatology. Climatic Change 18 (4), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00142971
  • Özcan, E. S. (2007). Bilgi büyücüsü Birûnî. Ötüken yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özcan, E. S. (2013). The life of Abu’r-Rayhan Muhammed bin Ahmed al-Birûnî (973-1061). Milel ve Nihal, 10 (3), 9-24.
  • Panikkar, N.K., & Srinivasan, T.M. (1975). Al Birûnî and the theory of tides. IJHS, 10(2), 235-241.
  • Paul, T. (2012). The creation-evolution debate: An Islamic perspektife. A Dissertation submitted to King’s College, London, University of London.
  • Rather, G.M., & Kanth, T.A. (2018). Contribution of muslim scholars and its ımpact on development of Geography. İnternational Journal of Movement Education and Social Science, 7(2), 767-775.
  • Samian A. (2007). Virtues in Al-Birûnî’s philosophy of science. In: Tymieniecka AT. (eds) Timing and Temporality in Islamic Philosophy and Phenomenology of Life. Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Sarton, G. (1975). Introduction to the history of science: From homer to Omar Khayyam. New York: Krieger Publishing Company, 3(5).
  • Sayılı A. (1974). Doğumunun 1000. yılında Beyruni, Beyruni’ye armağan. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları VII. Dizi, Ankara Sparavigna, A.C. (2013). The science of Al-Birûnî. International Journal of Sciences, 2(12), 52-60.
  • Schoy, C. (1924). The geography of the Moslems of the Middle Ages. Geographical Review, 14(2), 257-269.
  • Sezgin, F. (2007). İslamda bilim ve teknik. 1. Cilt, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Shanavas, T.O. (2005). Creation and/or evolution: An Islamic perspective. Xlibris Corporation, Philadephia.
  • Siddiqi, A.H. (1991). Geographers: Bibliographical Studies. GEOFFREY J. MARTIN (Ed.), London and New York: Mansell, 13.
  • Siddiqi A.H. (1995). Muslim geographic thought and the ınfluence of Greek philosophy. GeoJournal, The Muslim World (September 1995), 37(1), 9-15.
  • Siddiqi A.H. (2006). Al‐Bīrūnī and geography. In: Selin H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9758
  • Sparavigna, A. C. (2014). Al-Birûnî and the mathematical geography. Philica, 10.5281/zenodo.3362206. hal-02264631. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02264631.
  • Starr, F. (2021). Kayıp aydınlanma (Lost enlightenment: Central Asia's golden age). (Çev. İnanç, Y.S). Kronik Kitap.
  • Şerbetçi, M. (2021). Birûnî ve jeodeziye katkısı. https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files /articles/Birûnî-ve-jeodeziye-katkisi-939.pdf
  • Tümer, G. (1991). Biruni'ye Göre Dinler ve İslam Dini. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Walled A. Al-Monaes. (1991). Muslim contributions to geography until the end of the 12th century AD. GeoJournal, 25(4), 393-400.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2019). Bîrûnî’nin coğrafya alanındaki çalışmaların incelenmesi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans tezi.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Karabulut 0000-0002-1456-6908

Publication Date December 18, 2022
Submission Date August 24, 2022
Acceptance Date December 13, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karabulut, M. (2022). Bîrûnî’nin Fiziki Coğrafyaya katkıları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 31(2), 425-448. https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1166414