Research Article

Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications

Volume: 13 Number: 3 September 7, 2026
EN TR

Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications

Abstract

In this work, a compact Koch-shaped fractal antenna is designed, simulated, and experimentally validated for multi-band wireless communication in the 1–10 GHz spectrum. By leveraging the recursive space-filling property of the Koch geometry, the antenna achieves significant miniaturization while maintaining strong electromagnetic performance. The proposed design exhibits resonances at 2.46, 3.95, 6.20, 7.34, 9.15, and 9.42 GHz, effectively covering multiple wireless standards such as Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz), Bluetooth, ISM bands, and sub-6 GHz 5G channels. The antenna achieves return loss values below –10 dB at all resonant frequencies, with a measured bandwidth exceeding 6 GHz and a consistent gain between 3.2–4.0 dBi. The E-field analysis confirms improved surface current distribution with successive fractal iterations, while group delay studies demonstrate enhanced phase stability. Experimental validation of S₁₁ using a vector network analyzer shows strong agreement with simulations, confirming the practical feasibility of the design. Compared with reported fractal antennas, the proposed design demonstrates superior multiband support, higher bandwidth, and compact dimensions (30 × 30 mm²), making it highly suitable for integration into IoT devices, wearable electronics, radar platforms, and next-generation wireless communication systems.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A)

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and integrity in scientific publishing. The work presented in this manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. No human participants, animals, or sensitive data were involved in this study; therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required. The research is based on computational simulations and experimental validation of antenna prototypes using standard laboratory equipment. All authors have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, analysis, and preparation of this work and have approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest and no financial or non-financial competing interests that could have influenced the outcomes of this study.

Thanks

To all my colleagues

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Engineering Design

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 7, 2026

Submission Date

September 12, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 3

APA
Dandu, R. V., G, C. R., M., V. S., D., G. K., & Kalluru, P. V. (2026). Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri, 13(3), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599
AMA
1.Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13(3):465-476. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599
Chicago
Dandu, Ramesh Varma, Challa Ram G, Venkata Subbarao M., Girish Kumar D., and Padma Vasavı Kalluru. 2026. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri 13 (3): 465-76. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
EndNote
Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV (September 1, 2026) Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri 13 3 465–476.
IEEE
[1]R. V. Dandu, C. R. G, V. S. M., G. K. D., and P. V. Kalluru, “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”, El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 465–476, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
ISNAD
Dandu, Ramesh Varma - G, Challa Ram - M., Venkata Subbarao - D., Girish Kumar - Kalluru, Padma Vasavı. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri 13/3 (September 1, 2026): 465-476. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
JAMA
1.Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026;13:465–476.
MLA
Dandu, Ramesh Varma, et al. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 465-76, doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
Vancouver
1.Ramesh Varma Dandu, Challa Ram G, Venkata Subbarao M., Girish Kumar D., Padma Vasavı Kalluru. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering. 2026 Sep. 1;13(3):465-76. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599
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