Araştırma Makalesi

Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications

Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3 7 Eylül 2026
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Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications

Öz

In this work, a compact Koch-shaped fractal antenna is designed, simulated, and experimentally validated for multi-band wireless communication in the 1–10 GHz spectrum. By leveraging the recursive space-filling property of the Koch geometry, the antenna achieves significant miniaturization while maintaining strong electromagnetic performance. The proposed design exhibits resonances at 2.46, 3.95, 6.20, 7.34, 9.15, and 9.42 GHz, effectively covering multiple wireless standards such as Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz), Bluetooth, ISM bands, and sub-6 GHz 5G channels. The antenna achieves return loss values below –10 dB at all resonant frequencies, with a measured bandwidth exceeding 6 GHz and a consistent gain between 3.2–4.0 dBi. The E-field analysis confirms improved surface current distribution with successive fractal iterations, while group delay studies demonstrate enhanced phase stability. Experimental validation of S₁₁ using a vector network analyzer shows strong agreement with simulations, confirming the practical feasibility of the design. Compared with reported fractal antennas, the proposed design demonstrates superior multiband support, higher bandwidth, and compact dimensions (30 × 30 mm²), making it highly suitable for integration into IoT devices, wearable electronics, radar platforms, and next-generation wireless communication systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A)

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that this research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and integrity in scientific publishing. The work presented in this manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. No human participants, animals, or sensitive data were involved in this study; therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required. The research is based on computational simulations and experimental validation of antenna prototypes using standard laboratory equipment. All authors have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, analysis, and preparation of this work and have approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest and no financial or non-financial competing interests that could have influenced the outcomes of this study.

Teşekkür

To all my colleagues

Kaynakça

  1. [1] S. Khan, T. Mazhar, T. Shahzad, A. Bibi, W. Ahmad, M. Khan, M. Saeed, and H. Hamam, "Antenna systems for IoT applications: a review," Discover Sustainability, vol. 5, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s43621-024-00638-z.
  2. [2] L. Vignesh, K. Kaliappan, and B. V. L. Kannan, "A Survey on Fractal Antenna Design," International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 120, pp. 10941–10959, 2018.
  3. [3] F. Venneri, S. Costanzo, and A. Borgia, "Fractal Metasurfaces and Antennas: An Overview for Advanced Applications in Wireless Communications," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 2843, 2024, doi: 10.3390/app14072843.
  4. [4] E. Souza, P. Oliveira, A. D’Assunção, L. Mendonça, and C. Peixeiro, "Miniaturization of a Microstrip Patch Antenna with a Koch Fractal Contour Using a Social Spider Algorithm to Optimize Shorting Post Position and Inset Feeding," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2019, pp. 1– 10, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/6284830.
  5. [5] A. Singh, R. Kabeer, Z. Ali, V. Singh, and M. Shukla, "Performance analysis of first iteration Koch curve fractal log periodic antenna of varying flare angles," Central European Journal of Engineering, vol. 3, 2012, doi: 10.2478/s13531-012-0040-2.
  6. [6] N. Sharma, "A Journey of Antenna from Dipole to Fractal: A Review," Journal of Engineering Technology, vol. 6, pp. 317–351, 2017.
  7. [7] M. Marzouk et al., "Ultra-Wideband Compact Fractal Antenna for WiMAX, WLAN, C and X Band Applications," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 9, p. 4254, 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23094254.
  8. [8] H. Paik, L. Teja, M. Reddy, and K. Reddy, "A Miniaturized Fractal Antenna with Square Ring Slots for Ultrawideband Applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol. 99, pp. 169–177, 2021, doi: 10.2528/PIERL21070801.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Mühendislik Tasarımı

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

7 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

12 Eylül 2025

Kabul Tarihi

22 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Dandu, R. V., G, C. R., M., V. S., D., G. K., & Kalluru, P. V. (2026). Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri, 13(3), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599
AMA
1.Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. ECJSE. 2026;13(3):465-476. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599
Chicago
Dandu, Ramesh Varma, Challa Ram G, Venkata Subbarao M., Girish Kumar D., ve Padma Vasavı Kalluru. 2026. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri 13 (3): 465-76. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
EndNote
Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV (01 Eylül 2026) Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri 13 3 465–476.
IEEE
[1]R. V. Dandu, C. R. G, V. S. M., G. K. D., ve P. V. Kalluru, “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”, ECJSE, c. 13, sy 3, ss. 465–476, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
ISNAD
Dandu, Ramesh Varma - G, Challa Ram - M., Venkata Subbarao - D., Girish Kumar - Kalluru, Padma Vasavı. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri 13/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 465-476. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
JAMA
1.Dandu RV, G CR, M. VS, D. GK, Kalluru PV. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. ECJSE. 2026;13:465–476.
MLA
Dandu, Ramesh Varma, vd. “Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications”. El-Cezeri, c. 13, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 465-76, doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599.
Vancouver
1.Ramesh Varma Dandu, Challa Ram G, Venkata Subbarao M., Girish Kumar D., Padma Vasavı Kalluru. Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. ECJSE. 01 Eylül 2026;13(3):465-76. doi:10.31202/ecjse.1782599