A Review of Perceived Psychological Control From Parents in Adolescence

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 350 - 369, 29.10.2022

Demet Vural Yüzbaşı , Sümeyye Sema Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1068404

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Many studies in the field of psychology reveal that parents have an important influence on the development of children and adolescents. Behaviors and reactions adopted by parents appear as different parenting practices. In this context, psychological control practices, which make it difficult for adolescents to gain autonomy and express themselves, appear as important parental responses. The main purpose of this review is to put forth the importance of psychological control in adolescent development. For this purpose, firstly, the development and definitions of psychological control concept have been presented. Also, the relationship between psychological control and psychosocial development in adolescence has been mentioned. The studies on the relationship between psychological control and autonomy, identity development, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, emotion regulation have been presented. In the next section, studies on psychological, behavioral problems and perceived psychological control have been included. In this context, studies on internalization and externalization problems such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, and problematic behaviors have been presented. Then, the positive effects of effective parenting methods on adolescent development have been emphasized by giving examples of some intervention programs. Finally, the studies in the literature have been evaluated and suggestions for researchers and practitioners have been presented.

Keywords

Psychological control, Adolescence, Parenting, Intervention

Ergenlik Döneminde Ebeveynden Algılanan Psikolojik Kontrol Üzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme Çalışması

Abstract

Psikoloji alanında yapılan pek çok araştırma çocuk ve ergenlerin gelişiminde ebeveynlerin önemli bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ebeveynlerin benimsediği davranış ve tepkiler ise farklı ebeveynlik pratikleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çocuğun özerklik kazanmasını zorlaştıran, kendisini ifade etmesine fırsat tanımayan psikolojik kontrol uygulamaları da önemli ebeveyn tepkileri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme çalışmasının temel amacı, psikolojik kontrolün ergenlerin gelişimleri üzerindeki etkilerinin ele alındığı farklı çalışmaların sunularak öneminin ortaya konmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, öncelikle alanyazında psikolojik kontrol kavramının gelişimi ve farklı tanımlarına yer verilmiştir. Ardından ergenlik döneminde ebeveynden algılanan psikolojik kontrolün psikososyal gelişim ile ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, özerklik, kimlik gelişimi, kişilerarası ilişkiler, benlik saygısı, duygu düzenleme gibi boyutları içeren çalışmalar ele alınmıştır . Bir sonraki kısımda ise psikolojik ve davranışsal problemler ile ebeveynden algılanan psikolojik kontrolü konu edinen çalışmalar aktarılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, anksiyete, depresif belirtiler, problemli davranışlar gibi içselleştirme ve dışsallaştırma gibi problemlere yönelik araştırmalar sunulmuştur. Ardından, ergenlik döneminde çocuğu olan ebeveynlere yönelik bazı müdahale programlarından örnekler verilerek, etkin ebeveynlik yöntemlerinin ergen gelişimindeki olumlu etkisi vurgulanmıştır. Son olarak, alanyazında yer alan çalışmalar değerlendirilerek, araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Psikolojik kontrol, Ergenlik, Ebeveynlik, Müdahale

References

• Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19(5), 429-442. doi: 10.1006/jado.1996.0041
• Adem, S. (2019). Aile Eğitim Programının aile işlevleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2018). Çocuk Yetiştirmede Temel Beceriler Eğitimi. https://www.aep.gov.tr/media/vjnne0oa/%C3%A7ocuk-yeti%C5%9Ftirmede-temel-konular.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
• Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2010). Aile Eğitim Programı. https://aep.gov.tr/tr/ adresinden elde edildi.
• Akbulut, K., Ürkmez, F. B., Kimmet, E., Demircioğlu, H., Eren, Y. Z., Nesipoğlu, S. ve Gökeşmeoğlu, N. (2008). 7 -19 Yaş Aile Eğitimi Kılavuz Kitabı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
• Aktaş, V. ve Tepe, Y. K. (2021). Olumlu sosyal davranışlar ile özerklik desteği ve psikolojik kontrol arasındaki ilişkiler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 45(2), 29-48.
• Albrecht, A. K., Galambos, N. L., & Jansson, S. M. (2007). Adolescents’ internalizing and aggressive behaviors and perceptions of parents’ psychological control: A panel study examining direction of effects. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5), 673-684. doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9191-5
• Arıcı-Özcan, N. ve Arslan, R. (2018). Ergen annelerine uygulanan Ebeveyn Stresini Yönetme Programı’nın etkililiği. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(1), 40-59. doi: 10.19126/suje.349339
• Arkan, B., Güvenir, T., Ralph, A., & Day, J. (2020). The efficacy and acceptability of the Triple P: Positive Parenting Program with Turkish parents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 33(3), 148-156. doi: 10.1111/jcap.12283
• Assor, A. (2017) The striving to develop an authentic inner-compass as a key component of adolescents’ need for autonomy: Parental antecedents and effects on identity, well-being, and resilience. In B. Soenens, M. Vansteenkiste, & S. Van Petegem (Eds.), The meaning and the role of autonomy in adolescent development: Toward conceptual clarity (pp. 119-144). London: Routledge Psychology Press.
• Assor, A., & Tal, K. (2012). When parents’ affection depends on child’s achievement: Parental conditional positive regard, self-aggrandizement, shame and coping in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 249-260. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.004
• Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: A Self‐Determination Theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72(1), 47-88. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x
• Aunola, K., Sorkkila, M., Viljaranta, J., Tolvanen, A., & Ryba, T. V. (2018). The role of parental affection and psychological control in adolescent athletes’ symptoms of school and sport burnout during the transition to upper secondary school. Journal of Adolescence, 69, 140-149. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.001
• Baldwin, A. L. (1948). Socialization and the parent-child relationship. Child Development, 19(3), 127-136. doi: 10.2307/1125710
• Baldwin, A. L., Kalhorn, J., & Breese, F. H. (1945). Patterns of parent behavior. Psychological Monographs, 58(3), 1-75. doi: 10.1037/h0093566
• Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319. doi: 10.2307/1131780
• Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15-52). Washington, DC: APA.
• Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 1-137. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x
• Barber, B. K., Xia, M., Olsen, J. A., McNeely, C. A., & Bose, K. (2012). Feeling disrespected by parents: Refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 273-287. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.010
• Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). The efficacy of problem-solving communication training alone, behavior management training alone, and their combination for parent–adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 926-941. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.926
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
• Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1-103. doi: 10.1037/h0030372
• Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9(3), 239-267. doi: 10.1177/0044118X7800900302
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. doi: 10.1177/0272431691111004
• Bean, R. A., Bush, K. R., McKenry, P. C., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). The impact of parental support, behavioral control and psychological control on the academic achievement and self-esteem of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(5), 523-541. doi: 10.1177/0743558403255070
• Benson, J. E., & Johnson, M. K. (2009). Adolescent family context and adult identity formation. Journal of Family Issues, 30(9), 1265-1286. doi: 10.1177%2F0192513X09332967
• Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity processing style, self-construction, and personal epistemic assumptions: A social-cognitive perspective. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 303-315. doi: 10.1080/17405620444000120
• Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2008). Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 165-184. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.003
• Bireda, A. D., & von Krosigk, B. (2015). Perceived maternal and paternal psychological control by Ethiopian adolescents. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2015.1007590
• Bitane, B. S. (2019). Ergenlerin algıladıkları ebeveyn psikolojik kontrolü, erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve uyum sorunları ilişkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
• Costa, S., Barberis, N., Gugliandolo, M. C., Larcan, R., & Cuzzocrea, F. (2018). The intergenerational transmission of trait emotional intelligence: The mediating role of parental autonomy support and psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 105-116. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.008
• Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K & Meeus, W. (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(8), 983-996. doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9222-2
• Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J & Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14(1), 47-67. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2014.880018
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). The importance of autonomy for development and well-being. In B. W. Sokol, F. M. E. Grouzet, & U. Müller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 19-46). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152198.005
• Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62, 119-142. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x
• Deković, M., Janssens, J. M., & Van As, N. M. (2003). Family predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescence. Family Process, 42(2), 223-235. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.42203.x
• Dishion, T. J., & Andrews, D. W. (1995). Preventing escalation in problem behaviors with high-risk young adolescents: Immediate and 1-year outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 538-548. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.63.4.538
• Ekşi, H. (2021). Lise öğrencilerinde ebeveyn ilişkileri, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, psikolojik kontrol ve saldırganlık arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Filippello, P., Harrington, N., Costa, S., Buzzai, C., & Sorrenti, L. (2018). Perceived parental psychological control and school learned helplessness: The role of frustration intolerance as a mediator factor. School Psychology International, 39(4), 360-377. doi: 10.1177/0143034318775140
• Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Parenting behaviour and adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: The role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 58-69. doi: 10.1080/01650250444000333
• Flamant, N., Haerens, L., Mabbe, E., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2020). How do adolescents deal with intrusive parenting? The role of coping with psychologically controlling parenting in internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence, 84, 200-212. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.003
• Fu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Bidirectional relation between paternal/maternal psychological control and adolescent behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1402-1412. doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01615-1
• Gargurevich, R., & Soenens, B. (2016). Psychologically controlling parenting and personality vulnerability to depression: A study in Peruvian late adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(3), 911-921. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0265-9
• Hawes, D. J., & Allen, J. (2016). Evidence-based parenting interventions: Current perspectives and clinical strategies. In M. Hodes & S. Gau (Eds.), Positive mental health, fighting stigma and promoting resiliency for children and adolescents (pp. 185-204). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
• Kaniušonytė, G., & Žukauskienė, R. (2018). Relationships with parents, identity styles, and positive youth development during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6(1), 42-52. doi: 10.1177/2167696817690978
• Keating, D. (1990). Adolescent thinking. In S. Feldman & G. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 54-89). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Kılıçarslan, S. (2016). Ergenlerde görülen saldırgan davranışlarda ebeveyn ve ergenlere uygulanan psikoeğitim programının etkisinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
• Kındap, Y., Sayıl, M. ve Kumru, A. (2008). Anneden algılanan kontrolün niteliği ile ergenin psikososyal uyumu ve arkadaşlıkları arasındaki ilişkiler: Benlik değerinin aracı rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(61), 92-107.
• Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352-363. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1
• Koçak, A. (2019). Interparental relationship and adolescent adjustment: The mediating roles of psychological control, autonomy support, and basic psychological needs. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Kuppens, S., Laurent, L., Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2013). Associations between parental psychological control and relational aggression in children and adolescents: A multilevel and sequential meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(9), 1697-1712. doi: 10.1037/a0030740
• Kurt, D., Sayıl, M. ve Tepe, Y. K. (2013). Ana babanın psikolojik kontrolü ile gencin yalnızlığı arasındaki ilişkide kişilerarası güven inancı ve bağlanmanın rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 28(71), 105-116.
• Leondari, A., & Kiosseoglou, G. (2002). Parental psychological control and attachment in late adolescents and young adults. Psychological Reports, 90(3), 1015-1030. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.1015
• Li, R., Yao, M., Liu, H., & Chen, Y. (2019). Relationships among autonomy support, psychological control, coping, and loneliness: Comparing victims with nonvictims. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 266-272. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.001
• Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic internet use among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16, 442-447. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0293
• Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 68-99. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.68
• Loukas, A. (2009). Examining temporal associations between perceived maternal psychological control and early adolescent ınternalizing problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(8), 1113-1122. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9335-z
• Luebbe, A. M., Bump, K. A., Fussner, L. M., & Rulon, K. J. (2014). Perceived maternal and paternal psychological control: Relations to adolescent anxiety through deficits in emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(5), 565-576. doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0425-3
• Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Parental psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 546-550. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.546
• Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-101). New Jersey: Wiley.
• Marshall, W. (1978). Puberty. In F. Falkner & J. Tanner (Eds.), Human growth (Vol. 2, pp. 141-181). New York: Springer.
• Martínez-González, R. A., Rodríguez-Ruiz, B., Álvarez-Blanco, L., & Becedóniz-Vázquez, C. (2016). Evidence in promoting positive parenting through the Program-Guide to Develop Emotional Competences. Psychosocial Intervention, 25(2), 111-117. doi: 10.1016/j.psi.2016.04.001
• Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.53.2.205
• McCord, J. (1979). Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(9), 1477-1486. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.9.1477
• Metin-Orta, İ. ve Sümer, N. (2016). Anne duyarlığı ve erken dönem bağlanma-temelli ebeveynlik destek ve müdahale programları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(38), 54-76.
• Murray, K. W., Dwyer, K. M., Rubin, K. H., Knighton-Wisor, S., & Booth-LaForce, C. (2014). Parent–child relationships, parental psychological control, and aggression: Maternal and paternal relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(8), 1361-1373. doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-0019-1
• Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Self-determination theory and the relation of autonomy to self-regulatory processes and personality development. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of personality and self-regulation (pp. 169-191). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781444318111.ch8
• Oslu, E. C. (2020). Ergenin algıladığı psikolojik kontrol ve özerklik desteği ile gelişimsel sonuçları arasındaki ilişkilerin sosyal problem çözme becerileri açısından incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Toros Üniversitesi, Mersin.
• Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72(2), 583-598. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00298
• Pulat, N. (2011). Ebeveynlerin uyguladığı psikolojik kontrolün ergenlerin depresyon, kaygı ve öfke belirtileri üzerindeki etkisi: Mükemmeliyetçiliğin aracı rolü. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, E., Martín-Quintana, J. C., & Cruz-Sosa, M. (2016). “Living Adolescence in Family” parenting program: Adaptation and implementation in social and school contexts. Psychosocial Intervention, 25(2), 103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.psi.2016.03.004
• Rogers, K. N., Buchanan, C. M., & Winchell, M. E. (2003). Psychological control during early adolescence: Links to adjustment in differing parent/adolescent dyads. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 349-383. doi: 10.1177/0272431603258344
• Romm, K. F., & Metzger, A. (2018). Parental psychological control and adolescent problem behaviors: The role of depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(5), 2206-2216. doi: 10.1007/s10826-018-1064-x
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publications. doi: 10.1521/978.14625/28806
• Salari, R., Ralph, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2014). An efficacy trial: Positive parenting program for parents of teenagers. Behaviour Change, 31(1), 34-52. doi: 10.1017/bec.2013.31
• Sanders M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71-90. doi: 10.1023/a:1021843613840
• Schaefer, E. S. (1965a). A configurational analysis of children's reports of parent behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29(6), 552-557. doi: 10.1037/h0022702
• Schaefer, E. S. (1965b). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36(2), 413-424. doi: 10.2307/1126465
• Scharf, M., & Goldner, L. (2018). “If you really love me, you will do/be…”: Parental psychological control and its implications for children's adjustment. Developmental Review, 49, 16-30. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.002
• Sim, T. N., & Chin, J. E. (2014). Do mothers’ and fathers’ authoritative and authoritarian parenting interact? An exploration on schooling aspects with a Singapore adolescent sample. Youth & Society, 46(2), 286-300. doi: 10.1177/0044118X12441188
• Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74-99. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001
• Soenens, B., Elliot, A. J., Goossens, L., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., & Duriez, B. (2005). The intergenerational transmission of perfectionism: Parents' psychological control as an intervening variable. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 358-366. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.19.3.358
• Soenens, B., Park, S., Y., Vansteenkiste, M., & Mouratidis, A. (2012). Perceived parental psychological control and adolescent depressive experiences: A cross-cultural study with Belgian and South-Korean adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 261-272. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.05.001
• Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2010). Toward a domain-specific approach to the study of parental psychological control: Distinguishing between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented psychological control. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 217-256. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00614.x
• Steinberg, L., & Silk, J. S. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein & M. H. Bornstein (Eds.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (pp. 103-133). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Steinberg, L., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60(6), 1424-1436. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04014.x
• Sümer, N., Metin-Orta, İ., Alsancak-Akbulut, C., Salman-Engin, S., İlden-Koçkar, A., Şahin-Acar, B., … Yaşar, B. (2020). Olumlu ebeveyn davranışlarını artırmaya yönelik video-geri bildirimli müdahale programının anne duyarlığı üzerindeki etkisinin Türkiye'de incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(85), 100-116. doi: 10.31828/tpd1300443320190219m000018
• Şen-Karadağ, Ö. ve Tuncay, T. (2022). Aile Eğitim Programı (AEP) ve ebeveynlik becerileri arasındaki ilişkilerin yararlanıcıların gözünden incelenmesi: Kontrol gruplu bir çalışma. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 22(54), 11-42. doi: 10.21560/spcd.vi.897645
• Tepe, Y. K., Deliser, B., Kuzan, G. ve İslamoğlu, R. (2018). İlköğretimin ikinci kademe öğrencilerinin ana-babadan algıladığı psikolojik kontrolün kendini belirleme düzeyi ve sosyal girişkenlikle ilişkisi. Asia Minor Studies, 6(AGP Sempozyum Özel Sayısı 1), 294-312. doi: 10.17067/asm.439957
• Uysal, G., & Balcı, S. (2018). Evaluation of a school-based program for Internet addiction of adolescents in Turkey. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(1), 43-49. doi: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000211
• Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263-280. doi: 10.1037/a0032359
• Vasquez, A. C., Patall, E. A., Fong, C. J., Corrigan, A. S., & Pine, L. (2016). Parent autonomy support, academic achievement, and psychosocial functioning: A meta-analysis of research. Educational Psychological Review, 28, 605-644. doi: 10.1007/s10648-015-9329-z
• Werner, L. L. A. A., der Graaff, J. V., Meeus, W. H. J., & Branje, S. J. T. (2015). Depressive symptoms in adolescence: Longitudinal links with maternal empathy and psychological control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(6), 1121-1132. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0106-8
• Wijsbroek, S. A. M., Hale III, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2011). The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(7), 361-371. doi: 10.1007/s00787-011-0183-3
• Yan, F., Zhang, Q., Ran, G., Li, S., & Niu, X. (2020). Relationship between parental psychological control and problem behaviours in youths: A three-level meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 112, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104900
• Yıldız, S. A. (2006). Ebeveynin sorun çözme becerisini geliştirmeye yönelik deneysel bir çalışma. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 24, 231-244.