Clinical and Cytopathological Factors Associated with False-Negative Results in EBUS-TBNA Specimens
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is widely used for mediastinal staging in lung
cancer patients; however, false-negative results may still occur despite its high diagnostic accuracy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical
and cytopathological factors associated with false-negative EBUS-TBNA results.
MATERIALS and METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal or hilar lymph node evaluation and subsequently underwent surgical resection. Lymph node stations 4, 7, 10, 11, and 12 were sampled according to radiological findings and accessibility. Cytopathological specimens were classified according to background characteristics as lymphocyte-rich, hemorrhagic/fibrinous, or low-cellularity. EBUS-TBNA results were categorized as reactive, metastatic, or nondiagnostic/suspicious. False-negative cases were defined as patients with reactive EBUS-TBNA findings but metastatic lymph node involvement detected in surgical specimens. Clinical, radiological, and cytopathological parameters were compared between false-negative and non-false-negative (i.e., all remaining, non-metastatic-miss) groups.
RESULTS: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. False-negative EBUS-TBNA results were identified in 30 patients (15%). Cytopathological background characteristics were significantly associated with false-negative results (p<0.001). False-negative cases were significantly associated with lymphocyte-rich cytological background patterns. No significant associations were observed between false-negative results and histological subtype, lymph node group, tumor size, or SUVmax values (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Cytopathological background characteristics may affect the diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA. Lymphocyte-rich or reactive-appearing specimens should be interpreted cautiously, particularly in patients with persistent radiological suspicion for nodal metastasis. Sampling error and low tumor burden may contribute to false-negative EBUS-TBNA results.
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Ethical Statement
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Pathology
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Nesrin Gürçay
*
0000-0002-6067-7342
Türkiye
Funda Demirağ
0000-0003-4790-8369
Türkiye
Ayşegül Türkan
0009-0009-3202-7367
Türkiye
Leyla Nesrin Acar
0009-0001-8920-7416
Türkiye
Ayperi Öztürk
0000-0003-0692-4784
Türkiye
Publication Date
August 31, 2026
Submission Date
June 15, 2026
Acceptance Date
July 30, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2