Tarihsel Analiz Çerçeveleri Olarak Deniz ve Okyanus Havzaları

Year 2009, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 131 - 146, 01.12.2009

Jerry J. Bentley

Abstract

XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında tarihçiler, çalışmalarının temel hareket noktasına ulus devletleri yerleştirmişlerdi. XX. yüzyılın ortalarından sonra, giderek ulus devletlerin sınırlarını aşan büyük ölçekli tarihsel süreçlerin önemini fark ettiler ve bu süreçlerin açık ilgi merkezleri haline gelmesine yardım eden etkileşimin geniş ölçekli alanlarının farkına vardılar. Deniz ve okyanus havzaları, bazı tarihsel süreçlerin analiz çerçeveleri olarak hatırı sayılır ölçüde umut vaat eder. Onlar, tarihsel analizin mutlak ya da nihai kategorileri olarak çok iyi iş görmezler. Çünkü şekilleri ve özellikleri zaman içinde suyun hacmi ve toprağın kütlesi arasındaki ilişkilerin değişmesiyle çarpıcı bir biçimde değişir. Fakat onlar, özellikle, hem ayrı ayrı toplumların hem de bir bütün olarak dünyanın gelişimini derinden etkileyen ticari, biyolojik ve kültürel değişim süreçlerine odaklanma açısmdan yararlıdırlar

Keywords

ekonomik bütünleşme, tarihsel analiz, deniz ölçekli bölgeler, okyanus havzaları, deniz havzaları, sosyal bütünleşme

References

• Abu-Lughod, J. L. 1989. Before European Hegemony: The World System A_D. 125 0-1 350. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Armitage, D. 1999. Greater Britain: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis? American Historical Review lO4 (2): 427—445 .
• Aubet, M. B. 1993. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Translated by M. Turton. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Bailyn, B. l986a. The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. New York: Knopf.
• 1986b. Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of
• America on the Eve ofthe Revolution. New York: Knopf.
• I996. The Idea of Atlantic History. Iiinerario 20 (1): 19—44.
• Begley, V., and R. D. De Puma, eds. 1991. Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Belwood, P. S. 1987. The Polynesians: Prehistory of an Island People. Rev. ed. London: Thames and Hudson.
• Bentley, J. H. 1993. Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre—Modern Times. New York: Oxford University Press.
• 1996a. Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World
• History. American Historical Review 101 (3): 749—770.
• 1996b. Shapes of World History in Twentieth-Century
• Scholarship. Washington, D. C.: American Historical Association.
• 1998. Hemispheric Integration, 500—1500 C.E. Journal of
• World History 9 (2): 237—254.
• Bjork, K. 1998. The Link That Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571-1815f Journal of World History 9 (1): 25—50.
• Braudel, F. 1949. La Méditerrane’e et le monde me'diterrane'en a l’e'poque de Philippe 11. Paris: Colin.
• 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the
• Age of Philip [1. 2 vols. Translated by S. Reynolds. New
• York: Harper and Row.
• Canny, N., ed. 1994. Europeans on the Move: Studies on European .Migration, 1500-1800. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Casson, L. 1991. The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times. 2d ed. Princeton, NJ .:
• , Princeton University,, Pres. ,
• , ed. and trans. 1989. The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with
• Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton,
• NJ .: Princeton University Press.
• Chaudhuri, K. N. 1985. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History Şom the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Conniff, M., and T. J. Davis. 1994. Africans in the Americas: A History of the Black Diaspora. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Crosby, A. W. 1972.— The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. West— port, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Co.
• 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of
• Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Cumings, B. 1998. Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International Studies during and after the Cold War. In Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences during the Cold War, edited by C. Simpson, 159—188. New York: New Press.
• Cunliffe, B. W. 1988. Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction.
• ' New York: Methuen.
• Curtin, P. D. 1984. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• 1998. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in
• ' Atlantic History. 2d ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Duara, P. 1995. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Emmer, P. C., ed. 1986. Colonialism and Mgration.‘ Indentured Labour before and after Slavery. Dordrecht, Netherlands: M. Nijhoff.
• Emmer, P. C., and M. M6rner, eds. 1992. European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental [Migration from AŞica, Asia, and Europe. New York: Berg.
• Finney, B. 1994a. The Other One—Third of the Globe. Journal of World History 5 (2): 273-297.
• 1994b. Voyage of Rediscovery.‘ A Cultural Odyssey through
• Polynesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Flynn, D. O., and A. Giraldez. 1994. China and the Manila Galleons. In Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy, edited“"by"AT“JT‘HZ"‘L"atham and”HZ”Kawakatsu, 71-90. London: Routledge. *
• 1995a. Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern
• Period. Journal of the Ec nomic and Social History of the
• Orient 38 (1): 29-48. . 1995b. Frank, A. G. 1998. Gilroy, P. 1993.
• Hall, K. R. 1985. Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Pres.
• Hourani, G. F. 1995. Arab Seafm'ing in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early
• Karras, A. L. 1992. The Atlantic World as a Unit of Study. In Atlantic American Societies: From Co- lumbus through Abolition, 1492—1888, edited by A. L. Karras and J. R. McNeill, 1— 15. London: Routledge.
• Lewis, M. W., and K. E. Wigen. 1997. The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Lewthwaite, G. R. 1967. Geographical Knowledge of the PaciŞc Peoples. In
• McNeill, J. R. 1992. . 1994.
• McNeill, W. H. 1976. Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Pres.
• Miller, J. . 1969. The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire, 29 B. C. to AD. 641. Oxford: Clarendon Pres.
• Morwood, M. J., P. B. O’Sullivan, F. Aziz, and A. Raza. 1998. Fission-Track Ages of Stone Tools and Fossils on the East Indonesian Island of Flores. Nature, 12 March, 173—176.
• Northrup, D. 1995. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834—1922. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Pres.
• Palat, R. A. 1996. Fragmented Visions: Excavating the Future of Area Studies in a Post—American World. Review 19 (3): 269— 315.
• Parry, J . H. 1981. The Discovery of the Sea. Berkeley: University of California Pres.
• Phillips, J. R. S. 1988. The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Pres.
• Pocock, J. G.A. 1999. The New British History in Atlantic Perspective: An Antipodean Commentary. American Historical Review 104 (2) 490—500.
• Rafael, V. L. 1994. The Cultures of Area Studies in the United States. Social Text 12 (4): 91-111.
• Ratnagar, S. 1981. Encounters: The Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilization. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press.
• Reid, A. 1988—1993. Southeast Asia in theAge of Commerce, 1450-1680. 2vols. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Pres.
• Rowlands, M., M. Larsen, and K. Kristiansen, eds. 1987. Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Sherratt, A. G. 1993a. The Growth of the Mediterranean Economy in the Early First Millennium B.C. World Archaeology 24 (3): 361— 378.
• 1993b. What Would a Bronze-Age World System Look Like?
• Relations between Temperate Europe and the
• Mediterranean in Later Prehistory. Journal of European
• Archaeology 1 (2): 1—57.
• Thornton, J. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. 2d ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• Van Sertima, I. 1976. They Came before Columbus. New York: Random House.
• Voll, J. O. 1994. Islam as a Special World—System. Journal of World History 5 (2): 213-226.
• Wallerstein, I. 1974—1989. The Modern World—System. 3 vols. New York: . 1997. Wang, G. 1958.
• Warren, J. F. 1981. . 1998. The Sulu Zone: The World Capitalist Economy and the Historical Imagination. Amsterdam: VU University Press.
• Yen, D. E. 1974. The Sweet Potato and Oceania: An Essay in Ethnobotany. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.