Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Uluslararası Boğazlar: 19. Yüzyıldan İki Vaka

Year 2021, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 767 - 796, 30.12.2021

Elif Yeneroğlu Onur Kınlı

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216

Abstract

Deniz hukukunda açık denizlerin serbestliği ilkesi en çok tartışılan ilkelerden biridir. Uluslararası suları birbirine bağlayan boğazlar da kaçınılmaz olarak bu tartışmanın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Avrupa’nın uluslararası hukukun gelişimi üzerindeki belirleyici etkisi kıta dışı aktörlerin, özellikle de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin yükselişiyle birlikte 19. bir meydan okumayla karşılaşmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, bağımsızlığını kazandığı tarihten itibaren açık denizlerin serbestliği ilkesinin istikrarlı savunucularından biri olmuştur. Buna paralel olarak uluslararası boğazlardan geçişi düzenleyen uygulamalar da özellikle 19. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren ABD’nin üzerinde durduğu konulardan biri olmuş, denizlerin serbestliği ilkesini ihlal ettiğini düşündüğü uygulamaları bertaraf etmeye yönelik politikalar izlemiştir. Bu çerçevede makale ABD’nin boğazlardan geçiş rejimine karşı uyguladığı politikayı iki örnek üzerinden incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Danimarka Sound ve Türk/Osmanlı Boğazları’nı ele alan çalışma, ABD’nin yerleşik uygulamalara meydan okuma konusunda neden farklı politikaları tercih ettiğini incelemektedir.

Keywords

Danimarka Sound, Türk Boğazları, Uluslararası Boğazlar, Deniz hukuku, Amerikan Dış Politikası

The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century

Abstract

Freedom of the seas is one of the most debated principles of the law of the sea. International straits which connect international waters constitute an inevitable part of this debate. The impact of Europe on the development of international law began to be challenged in the 19th century with the rise of non-European actors. The United States has been a consistent supporter of this principle since its inception as an independent state. Since the first quarter of the 19th century rules and regulations governing navigation through international straits has been a specific case of interest for the US. In line with this policy the US pursued policies that would abandon practices violating the principle of freedom of the seas. Within this framework this article examines the US policy on international straits through two cases. The article takes the cases of the Danish Sound and Turkish Straits and explores the reasons why it preferred different policies in these cases.

Keywords

Danish Sound, Turkish Straits, International Straits, Law of the Sea, American Foreign Policy

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