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Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Uluslararası Boğazlar: 19. Yüzyıldan İki Vaka

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 767 - 796, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216

Öz

Deniz hukukunda açık denizlerin serbestliği ilkesi en çok tartışılan ilkelerden biridir. Uluslararası suları birbirine bağlayan boğazlar da kaçınılmaz olarak bu tartışmanın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Avrupa’nın uluslararası hukukun gelişimi üzerindeki belirleyici etkisi kıta dışı aktörlerin, özellikle de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin yükselişiyle birlikte 19. bir meydan okumayla karşılaşmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, bağımsızlığını kazandığı tarihten itibaren açık denizlerin serbestliği ilkesinin istikrarlı savunucularından biri olmuştur. Buna paralel olarak uluslararası boğazlardan geçişi düzenleyen uygulamalar da özellikle 19. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren ABD’nin üzerinde durduğu konulardan biri olmuş, denizlerin serbestliği ilkesini ihlal ettiğini düşündüğü uygulamaları bertaraf etmeye yönelik politikalar izlemiştir. Bu çerçevede makale ABD’nin boğazlardan geçiş rejimine karşı uyguladığı politikayı iki örnek üzerinden incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Danimarka Sound ve Türk/Osmanlı Boğazları’nı ele alan çalışma, ABD’nin yerleşik uygulamalara meydan okuma konusunda neden farklı politikaları tercih ettiğini incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • From E. Joy Morris to William H. Seward, August 24, 1868, FRUS, vol. 2, no. 267, pp. 114-15. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS186869v02, accessed, 10.05.2019.
  • Circular on the prohibition of the passage of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus by foreign vessels of war, Sublime Porte, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September 28, 1868, FRUS, vol. 2, p. 117.
  • http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS186869v02, accessed, 10.05.2019
  • From Hamilton Fish to Wayne Mac Veagh, January 5, 1871, FRUS 1870-71, no. 15, p. 890. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019
  • From Wayne Mac Veagh to Hamilton Fish, January 24, 1871, FRUS 1871-72, no. 23, pp. 892-96
  • From Wayne Mac Veagh to Hamilton Fish, March 27, 1871, FRUS 1870-71, p. 898, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019
  • From Hamilton Fish to Wayne Mac Veagh, May 5, 1871, p. 902, FRUS 1871-72, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019.
  • Second Annual Message of Franklin Pierce, December 03, 1854, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/second-annual-message-8 Accessed November 18, 2019.
  • “Sound Dues-Germanic Powers”, Department of State, 1841, published in Hazard’s United States Commercial and Statistical Register, vol. IV, no. 25, 1841, pp. 397-398.
  • “The Claims of the Citizens of the United States on Denmark Examined” The North American Review, vol. XXII (new series vol. XIII), 1826 (Boston), p. 458-59.
  • Kalevi Ahonen, From Sugar Triangle to Cotton Triangle: Trade and Shipping Between America and Baltic Russia, 1783-1860, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Jyvӓskylӓ.
  • Gunnar Alexandersson, International Straits of the World: The Baltic Straits, The Hague/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • David J. Bederman, “The 1871 London Declaration, Rebus Sic Stantibus and a Primitivist View of the Law of Nations”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 82, No. 1, p. 1-40.
  • M. Bellamy, Danish Naval Administration and Shipbuilding in the Reign of Christian IV (1596-1648), University of Glasgow, Department of Modern History, unpublished PhD thesis.
  • Karin M. Burke and Deborah A. DeLeo, “Innocent Passage and Transit Passage in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea” Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 9, issue 2, (The Yale Journal of World Public Order), pp. 389-408.
  • Hugo Caminos - Vincent P. Cogliati-Bantz, The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Alan Dowty, The Limits of American Isolation: The United States and the Crimean War, New York University Press.
  • Vivian Etting, Queen Margrethe I, 1453-1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden.
  • Jan Glete, Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe, Routledge.
  • Arthur Garfield Hays, “What is Meant By the Freedom of the Seas,” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 283-290.
  • Edward Herstlet, The Map of Europe By Treaty; Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes Which Have Taken Place Since the General Peace of 1814 with Numerous Maps and Notes, vol. III, Butterworths.
  • F. Hessenland, The Sound Dues of Denmark and Their Relations with the Commerce of the World, Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review.
  • F. W. Hirst, “What the Americans Mean by Freedom of the Seas,” Transactions of the Grotius Society, Vol. Problems of the War, Papers Read Before the Society in the Year 1918, pp. 26-34.
  • Harry N. Howard, “President Lincoln’s Minister Resident to the Sublime Porte: Edward Joy Morris (1861-1870)” Balkan Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 205-220.
  • Harry N. Howard, Turkey, The Straits and U.S. Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  • Soren Jacob Marius Peterson Fogdall, History of Danish-American Diplomacy, 1776-1920, Unpublished PhD Thesis, State University of Iowa.
  • Onur Kınlı, 19. Yüzyılda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin İzmir’deki Konsolosluk Faaliyetleri, Ege University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2009
  • Walther Kirchner, Studies in Russian-American Commerce, 1820-1860, E. J. Brill Publications, Leiden.
  • Gregg L. Lint, “The American Revolution and the Law of Nations, 1776-1789”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 20-34.
  • Paul Douglas Lockhart, Denmark 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy, Oxford University Press.
  • Ana G. López Martín, International Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage, Springer Publications.
  • Hugh Farrar McDermott, Letters on the Sound Dues, I-VIII, G. B. Teubner, Printer.
  • Samuel Pyeatt Menefee, “The Sound Dues and Access to the Baltic Sea” in Renate Platzöder and Philomène Verlaan (Eds.), The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Cooperation, pp. 101-132, Martinus Nijhoff Pub.
  • Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli, “A Historical Overview on the Legal Status of Straits Used for International Navigation under International Law” AALCO Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 111-131.
  • John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law, vol. 1, Government Printing Office.
  • John Bassett Moore (ed.), The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising his Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, Volume VIII, 1841-1844, J. B. Lippincott Co.
  • James Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, Washington, Government Printing Office.
  • Eduard Somers. “The Legal Regime of the Danish Straits”, in The Straits Used for International Navigation. Ed. Bayram Öztürk & Reşat Özkan, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Benno Teschke, The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations, Verso Books.
  • From Marcy to Bedinger, November 3, 1855, in Message from the President to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the First Session of the 34th Congress, part I, Printed by Beverly Tucker.
  • Cemal Tukin, Boğazlar Meselesi, İstanbul, Pan Yayıncılık.
  • Henry Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America form the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington.
  • Theodore D. Woolsey, Introduction to the Study of International Law, Designed as an Aid in Teaching, and in Historical Studies, James Munroe and Company.

The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 767 - 796, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216

Öz

Freedom of the seas is one of the most debated principles of the law of the sea. International straits which connect international waters constitute an inevitable part of this debate. The impact of Europe on the development of international law began to be challenged in the 19th century with the rise of non-European actors. The United States has been a consistent supporter of this principle since its inception as an independent state. Since the first quarter of the 19th century rules and regulations governing navigation through international straits has been a specific case of interest for the US. In line with this policy the US pursued policies that would abandon practices violating the principle of freedom of the seas. Within this framework this article examines the US policy on international straits through two cases. The article takes the cases of the Danish Sound and Turkish Straits and explores the reasons why it preferred different policies in these cases.

Kaynakça

  • From E. Joy Morris to William H. Seward, August 24, 1868, FRUS, vol. 2, no. 267, pp. 114-15. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS186869v02, accessed, 10.05.2019.
  • Circular on the prohibition of the passage of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus by foreign vessels of war, Sublime Porte, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September 28, 1868, FRUS, vol. 2, p. 117.
  • http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS186869v02, accessed, 10.05.2019
  • From Hamilton Fish to Wayne Mac Veagh, January 5, 1871, FRUS 1870-71, no. 15, p. 890. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019
  • From Wayne Mac Veagh to Hamilton Fish, January 24, 1871, FRUS 1871-72, no. 23, pp. 892-96
  • From Wayne Mac Veagh to Hamilton Fish, March 27, 1871, FRUS 1870-71, p. 898, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019
  • From Hamilton Fish to Wayne Mac Veagh, May 5, 1871, p. 902, FRUS 1871-72, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS187071, accessed 10.05.2019.
  • Second Annual Message of Franklin Pierce, December 03, 1854, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/second-annual-message-8 Accessed November 18, 2019.
  • “Sound Dues-Germanic Powers”, Department of State, 1841, published in Hazard’s United States Commercial and Statistical Register, vol. IV, no. 25, 1841, pp. 397-398.
  • “The Claims of the Citizens of the United States on Denmark Examined” The North American Review, vol. XXII (new series vol. XIII), 1826 (Boston), p. 458-59.
  • Kalevi Ahonen, From Sugar Triangle to Cotton Triangle: Trade and Shipping Between America and Baltic Russia, 1783-1860, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Jyvӓskylӓ.
  • Gunnar Alexandersson, International Straits of the World: The Baltic Straits, The Hague/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • David J. Bederman, “The 1871 London Declaration, Rebus Sic Stantibus and a Primitivist View of the Law of Nations”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 82, No. 1, p. 1-40.
  • M. Bellamy, Danish Naval Administration and Shipbuilding in the Reign of Christian IV (1596-1648), University of Glasgow, Department of Modern History, unpublished PhD thesis.
  • Karin M. Burke and Deborah A. DeLeo, “Innocent Passage and Transit Passage in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea” Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 9, issue 2, (The Yale Journal of World Public Order), pp. 389-408.
  • Hugo Caminos - Vincent P. Cogliati-Bantz, The Legal Regime of Straits: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Alan Dowty, The Limits of American Isolation: The United States and the Crimean War, New York University Press.
  • Vivian Etting, Queen Margrethe I, 1453-1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden.
  • Jan Glete, Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe, Routledge.
  • Arthur Garfield Hays, “What is Meant By the Freedom of the Seas,” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 283-290.
  • Edward Herstlet, The Map of Europe By Treaty; Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes Which Have Taken Place Since the General Peace of 1814 with Numerous Maps and Notes, vol. III, Butterworths.
  • F. Hessenland, The Sound Dues of Denmark and Their Relations with the Commerce of the World, Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review.
  • F. W. Hirst, “What the Americans Mean by Freedom of the Seas,” Transactions of the Grotius Society, Vol. Problems of the War, Papers Read Before the Society in the Year 1918, pp. 26-34.
  • Harry N. Howard, “President Lincoln’s Minister Resident to the Sublime Porte: Edward Joy Morris (1861-1870)” Balkan Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 205-220.
  • Harry N. Howard, Turkey, The Straits and U.S. Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.
  • Soren Jacob Marius Peterson Fogdall, History of Danish-American Diplomacy, 1776-1920, Unpublished PhD Thesis, State University of Iowa.
  • Onur Kınlı, 19. Yüzyılda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin İzmir’deki Konsolosluk Faaliyetleri, Ege University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2009
  • Walther Kirchner, Studies in Russian-American Commerce, 1820-1860, E. J. Brill Publications, Leiden.
  • Gregg L. Lint, “The American Revolution and the Law of Nations, 1776-1789”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 20-34.
  • Paul Douglas Lockhart, Denmark 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy, Oxford University Press.
  • Ana G. López Martín, International Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage, Springer Publications.
  • Hugh Farrar McDermott, Letters on the Sound Dues, I-VIII, G. B. Teubner, Printer.
  • Samuel Pyeatt Menefee, “The Sound Dues and Access to the Baltic Sea” in Renate Platzöder and Philomène Verlaan (Eds.), The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Cooperation, pp. 101-132, Martinus Nijhoff Pub.
  • Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli, “A Historical Overview on the Legal Status of Straits Used for International Navigation under International Law” AALCO Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 111-131.
  • John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law, vol. 1, Government Printing Office.
  • John Bassett Moore (ed.), The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising his Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, Volume VIII, 1841-1844, J. B. Lippincott Co.
  • James Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, Washington, Government Printing Office.
  • Eduard Somers. “The Legal Regime of the Danish Straits”, in The Straits Used for International Navigation. Ed. Bayram Öztürk & Reşat Özkan, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Benno Teschke, The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations, Verso Books.
  • From Marcy to Bedinger, November 3, 1855, in Message from the President to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the First Session of the 34th Congress, part I, Printed by Beverly Tucker.
  • Cemal Tukin, Boğazlar Meselesi, İstanbul, Pan Yayıncılık.
  • Henry Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America form the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington.
  • Theodore D. Woolsey, Introduction to the Study of International Law, Designed as an Aid in Teaching, and in Historical Studies, James Munroe and Company.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Elif Yeneroğlu Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7432-2323

Onur Kınlı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4823-1508

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yeneroğlu, E., & Kınlı, O. (2021). The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 36(2), 767-796. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216
AMA Yeneroğlu E, Kınlı O. The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century. TID. Aralık 2021;36(2):767-796. doi:10.18513/egetid.1050216
Chicago Yeneroğlu, Elif, ve Onur Kınlı. “The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 767-96. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216.
EndNote Yeneroğlu E, Kınlı O (01 Aralık 2021) The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36 2 767–796.
IEEE E. Yeneroğlu ve O. Kınlı, “The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century”, TID, c. 36, sy. 2, ss. 767–796, 2021, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1050216.
ISNAD Yeneroğlu, Elif - Kınlı, Onur. “The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 36/2 (Aralık 2021), 767-796. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1050216.
JAMA Yeneroğlu E, Kınlı O. The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century. TID. 2021;36:767–796.
MLA Yeneroğlu, Elif ve Onur Kınlı. “The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 767-96, doi:10.18513/egetid.1050216.
Vancouver Yeneroğlu E, Kınlı O. The United States and International Straits: Two Cases from the 19th Century. TID. 2021;36(2):767-96.