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Potential Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Household Poverty, Health Expenditures and Financial Protection in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 27 - 44, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52148/ehta.903702

Abstract

Monitoring financial burden on households due to high out-of-pocket health expenditures (OOP) and strengthening financial protection in health have been one of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals that have attracted global attention. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as a global health problem and turned into an global economic crisis, constitutes a major threat to the targets of both expanding access to health services and reducing the financial risks of households arising from OOPs, determined in Health Transformation Program in Turkey. This study aims to examine the potential negative economic impacts of COVID-19 on poverty and financial protection in health in Turkey by predicting the reduction in household expenditures and income. Based on the data on sectoral-based contractions in the labor market published by TURKSTAT for 2020, firstly the decreases in household incomes, then the new poverty rates and the financial health burden of households are calculated by considering four different scenarios in OOPs. Results of our study demonstrate that economic impacts of COVID-19 can reduce household incomes or expenditures by an average of 5.3% in 2020 in Turkey. It is estimated that about 1.35 million additional population can face extreme poverty due to these reductions in household income. In terms of financial protection in health, according to four different scenarios in OOPs, an additional population of 103 to 758 thousand can be exposed to catastrophic health expenditures, and an additional population of 82 to 153 thousand can become impoverished due to high OOPs. To mitigate the effects of the reduction in income and spending of households caused by COVID-19 and to improve financial protection in health, policy makers are suggested to increase revenues for public health care and minimize OOPs on essential health services throughout the pandemic. Suspending or deferring user contributions for COVID-19 related and other health care services, extending to all the entitlement to essential health services, and strengthening social protection goals can help prevent deeper poverty and financial burden during and in the post-COVID-19 era.

References

  • 1. Brown S., Hole A.R., Kilic D. (2014). “Out-Of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure in Turkey: Analysis of The 2003–2008: Household Budget Surveys. Economic Modelling (41) 211–218.
  • 2. Cylus, J., Thomsonb, S., Evetovits, T. (2018). Catastrophic Health Spending in Europe: Equity and Policy İmplications of Different Calculation Methods. Bull. World Health Organ. 96:599–609.
  • 3. Erus, B., Aktakke N. (2012). Impact Of Healthcare Reforms on Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditures In Turkey For Public Insurees. Eur. J. Health Econ. 13(3): 337-346.
  • 4. Gaspar, V. Lam, W.R. Raissi, M. (2020). Fiscal Policies to Contain the Damage from COVID-19. International Monetary Fund, 2020. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/15/fiscal-policies-to-contain-the-damage-from-covid-19/, Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2021.
  • 5. Gotsadze, G., Zoidze, A., Rukhadze, N. (2009). “Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: Evidence From Georgia and its Policy Implications”, BMC Health Services Research, 9:69, 1-9.
  • 6. Hsu, J., Flores, G., Evans, D., Mills, A., Hanson, K.(2018). Measuring Financial Protection Against Catastrophic Health Expenditures: Methodological Challenges For Global Monitoring. International Journal for Equity in Health 17:69.
  • 7. ILO-OECD Covid-19 report (2020b): The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on jobs and incomes in G20 economies [online] website https://www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_753607/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim Tarihi:21.11.2020.
  • 8. International Labour Organization, (ILO) Covid-19 Report (2020a): COVID-19 causes devastating losses in working hours and employment [online] website https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim Tarihi:09.12.2020.
  • 9. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020), Policy Responses to COVID-19; Policy Tracker: [online] https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19, Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2020.
  • 10. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020). DataMapper [online] Website https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUR, Erişim Tarihi:05.11.2020.
  • 11. Khan, A.M.J., Ahmed, J., Evans, G. T. (2017). “Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditure and Poverty Related to Out-Of-Pocket Payments For Healthcare in Bangladesh—an Estimation of Financial Risk Protection of Universal Health Coverage” Health Policy and Planning, 32(8),1102–1110.
  • 12. Manavgat, G. (2018). “Türkiye’de Sağlık Hizmetleri Kullanımında Cepten Yapılan Harcamaların Finansal Yükü ve Farklı Harcama Grupları Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İzmir.
  • 13. Manavgat, G. (2020). Türkiye’de Kalkınma Temelli Sağlık Finansmanının Yapısı ve Politika Önerileri, içinde: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Disiplinlerarası Yaklaşım, Editörler: Rıza Bayrak ve Mustafa Polat, Nobel Yayınevi. 317-340.
  • 14. Manavgat, G., Saygılı, F., Audibert, M. (2020). Examining the Economic Burden of Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures for Households in Different Socio-Economic Groups in Turkey. 2020. 28(46): 25-49.
  • 15. McIntyre, D., Thiede, M., Dahlgren, G., Whitehead, G. (2006). What are the Economic Consequences for Households of Illness and of Paying for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Country Contexts? Social Science Medicine. 62(4):858-65.
  • 16. Minh, H. V., Phuong, N. T.K., Saksena P., James D.C., Xu, K. (2013). “Financial Burden of Household Out-of Pocket Health Expenditure in Viet-Nam: Findings From The National Living Standard Survey 2002-2010”, Social Science and Medicine (96) 258- 263.
  • 17. Onoka, A.C., Onwujekwe, O.E, Hanson, K. & Uzochukwu, B.S, (2011). “Examining Catastrophic Health Expenditures at Variable Thresholds Using Household Consumption Expenditure Diaries”, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16(10), 1334–1341.
  • 18. Özgen, N.H., Sahin, İ. & Yıldırım, H.H. (2015). “Financial Catastrophe and Poverty Impacts of Out-Of-Pocket Health Payments in Turkey” Eur. J. Health Econ. (2015) 16, 255–270.
  • 19. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2003). “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı”, Aralık 2003, http://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,11415/saglikta-donusum-programi.html, Erişim Tarihi:17.10.2020.
  • 20. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2006). Türkiye Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları 2002-2003.
  • 21. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). Sağlık Bakanlığı İstatistik Yıllığı 2018. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,62400/saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2018-yayinlanmistir.html, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2020.
  • 22. Sağlık Bakanlığı RSHMB, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Ankara. https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/USH.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:17.02.2021.
  • 23. SGK (2018). İşyeri ve Sigortalı İstatistikleri (2018). http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik, Erişim Tarihi:05.09. 2020.
  • 24. SGK (2020). http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/calisan/gss_tescil_sureci/2020-yili .
  • 25. SGK İstatistik Yıllıkları (2004-2018).
  • 26. http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik /sgk_istatistik_yilliklari, Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2020.
  • 27. Somkotra, T., Lagrada, L.P. (2009). “The Impact of The Universal Coverage Policy Which Households Are at Risk of Catastrophic Health Spending: Experience in Thailand After Universal Coverage”, Health Affairs, 28 (3) 467-478.
  • 28. Tokatlıoğlu Y., Tokatloğlu I.T. (2018). Türkiye'de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamaları ve Bu Harcamaları Belirleyen Faktörler: 2002-2014 Dönemi. Sosyoekonomi. 26(35): 59-78.
  • 29. TUİK (2020). Sağlık Harcaması İstatistikleri (2019). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p =Saglik-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2019, 33659#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal& text=Toplam %20sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%20 arcamas%C4%B1%202019%20y%C4%B1l%C4 %B1nda,milyon %20TL%20olarak%20tahmin%20edildi, Erişim Tarihi:17.01.2021.
  • 30. Wang, H., Vinyals, L.V. Travisa, P. (2018). Financial protection analysis in eight countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Bull. World Health Organ. 96:610–620.
  • 31. WHO (2000). “The World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance”, World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • 32. WHO (2005). World Health Organisation “Social Health Insurance: Sustainable Health Financing, Universal Coverage and Social Health Insurance”. Report by the Secretariat. A58/ 20, Provisional agenda item 13-16.
  • 33. WHO (2010). “The World Health Report 2010: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage, WHO Press, Geneva.
  • 34. WHO (2019). Can People Afford to Pay For Health Care? New Evidence on Financial Protection in Europe. by Sarah Thomson, Jonathan Cylus and Tamás Evetovits.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311654/9789289054058-eng.pdf? sequence =1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:03.02.2021.
  • 35. WHO (2019). Primary Health Care on the Road to Universal Health Coverage 2019 Monitoring Report, Conference Edition, World Health Organization.
  • 36. WHO (2020a), Strengthening and adjusting public health measures throughout the COVID-19 transition phases: policy considerations for the WHO European Region 2020, World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332467/WHO-EURO-2020-690-40425-54211-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:17.11.2020.
  • 37. WHO (2020b) WHO Policy Brief: The Economic and Social Impact Of COVID-19 in The Eastern Mediterranean Region. 2020, World Health Organization. Regional Office for The Eastern Mediterranean. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332818/WHOEMHEC050E-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:18.12.2020.
  • 38. World Bank (2020) COVID-19 and Human Capital. Office of the Chief Economist Fall 2020.
  • 39. World Bank (2020). Turkey Economic Monitor: Adjusting the Sails [online] website https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34318, Erişim Tarihi:17.08.2020.
  • 40. Xu K, Evans D. B & Carrin G. (2007). “Protecting Households from Catastrophic Health Spending”, Health Affairs, 26, 972–83.
  • 41. Xu, K., Evans, D.B., Kawabata, K., Zeramdini, R., Klavus, J., Murray, C.J. (2003). “Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: A Multicountry Analysis”, Lancet 362 (9378), 111–117.
  • 42. Yardım, M.S., Cilingiroglu, N., Yardim, N. (2010). “Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment in Turkey, Health Policy 94 (1), 26–33.
  • 43. Yereli, A.B., Köktaş., A.M., Selçuk, I.S. (2014). “Türkiye’de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamalarını Etkileyen Faktörler.” Sosyoekonomi July-December 2, 274-296.
  • 44. Yıldırım, H.H., Yıldırım, T., Erdem, R. (2011). “Sağlık Hizmetleri Finansmanında Kullanıcı Katkıları: Genel Bir Bakış ve Türkiye İçin Bir Durum Değerlendirmesi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 44, Sayı 2, 71-98.

COVID-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Hanehalkı Yoksulluğu, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlıkta Finansal Koruma Üzerindeki Olası Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 27 - 44, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52148/ehta.903702

Abstract

Yüksek oranda yapılan cepten sağlık harcamalarının bir sonucu olan hanehalklarının üzerindeki finansal yükün izlenmesi ve sağlıkta finansal korumanın güçlendirilmesi küresel anlamda ilgi gören 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri’nden biri olagelmiştir. Bir sağlık sorunu olarak başlayıp küresel bir ekonomik krize dönüşen COVID-19 pandemisi Türkiye için Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı (SDP) ile belirlenmiş hem sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin yaygınlaştırılması hem de hanehaklarının sağlık harcamalarından kaynaklı finansal risklerinin azaltılması hedefleri için bir tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye’de hanehalklarının gelir ve harcamalarındaki azalmaları tahmin edilerek yoksulluk ve sağlıkta finansal korumada meydana gelebilecek olası etkileri hesaplanmıştır. TÜİK’in 2020 yılı için yayınladığı sektörel bazlı daralmalar ve işgücü piyasasındaki kayıplardan yola çıkarak öncelikle hanehalklarının gelirlerindeki azalmalar, dolayısıyla ortaya çıkacak yeni yoksulluk oranları, sonra ise cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarındaki dört farklı senaryo göz önünde bulundurularak hanehalklarının karşılaşabilecekleri sağlık finansal yükleri hesaplanmıştır. Analizlerimize göre, Türkiye’de 2020 yılında hanehalkı harcamalarında ortalama %5,3’lük bir azalma yaşanacağı hesaplanmıştır. Hanehalkı harcamalarındaki bu düşüşlere bağlı olarak yaklaşık 1,35 milyon ek nüfusun COVID-19 krizi nedeniyle yoksullukla karşı karşıya kalacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Sağlıkta finansal koruma açısından cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarındaki dört farklı senaryomuza göre 103 ile 758 bin arası bir ek nüfus katastrofik sağlık harcamalarına maruz kalabilecek, 82 ile 153 bin arası bir ek nüfus ise cepten yapılan bu sağlık harcamaları nedeniyle yoksullaşabilecektir. COVID-19’un yol açtığı hanehalklarının gelir ve harcamalarındaki azalmanın etkilerini azaltmak için, politika yapıcılar halk sağlığı hizmetleri finansmanını artırmalı ve temel sağlık hizmetleri için cepten yapılan harcamaları pandemi süresince minimum düzeye indirmelidir. Sağlık hizmetleri alanında kullanıcı katkılarının askıya alınması ya da ertelenmesi, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin yaygınlaştırılması ve sosyal koruma hedeflerinin güçlendirilmesi COVID-19 sonrası dönemde daha derin bir yoksulluğu ve finansal yükü önlemeye yardımcı olabilir.

References

  • 1. Brown S., Hole A.R., Kilic D. (2014). “Out-Of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure in Turkey: Analysis of The 2003–2008: Household Budget Surveys. Economic Modelling (41) 211–218.
  • 2. Cylus, J., Thomsonb, S., Evetovits, T. (2018). Catastrophic Health Spending in Europe: Equity and Policy İmplications of Different Calculation Methods. Bull. World Health Organ. 96:599–609.
  • 3. Erus, B., Aktakke N. (2012). Impact Of Healthcare Reforms on Out-Of-Pocket Health Expenditures In Turkey For Public Insurees. Eur. J. Health Econ. 13(3): 337-346.
  • 4. Gaspar, V. Lam, W.R. Raissi, M. (2020). Fiscal Policies to Contain the Damage from COVID-19. International Monetary Fund, 2020. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/15/fiscal-policies-to-contain-the-damage-from-covid-19/, Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2021.
  • 5. Gotsadze, G., Zoidze, A., Rukhadze, N. (2009). “Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: Evidence From Georgia and its Policy Implications”, BMC Health Services Research, 9:69, 1-9.
  • 6. Hsu, J., Flores, G., Evans, D., Mills, A., Hanson, K.(2018). Measuring Financial Protection Against Catastrophic Health Expenditures: Methodological Challenges For Global Monitoring. International Journal for Equity in Health 17:69.
  • 7. ILO-OECD Covid-19 report (2020b): The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on jobs and incomes in G20 economies [online] website https://www.ilo.org/global/docs/WCMS_753607/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim Tarihi:21.11.2020.
  • 8. International Labour Organization, (ILO) Covid-19 Report (2020a): COVID-19 causes devastating losses in working hours and employment [online] website https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang--en/index.htm, Erişim Tarihi:09.12.2020.
  • 9. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020), Policy Responses to COVID-19; Policy Tracker: [online] https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19, Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2020.
  • 10. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2020). DataMapper [online] Website https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUR, Erişim Tarihi:05.11.2020.
  • 11. Khan, A.M.J., Ahmed, J., Evans, G. T. (2017). “Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditure and Poverty Related to Out-Of-Pocket Payments For Healthcare in Bangladesh—an Estimation of Financial Risk Protection of Universal Health Coverage” Health Policy and Planning, 32(8),1102–1110.
  • 12. Manavgat, G. (2018). “Türkiye’de Sağlık Hizmetleri Kullanımında Cepten Yapılan Harcamaların Finansal Yükü ve Farklı Harcama Grupları Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İzmir.
  • 13. Manavgat, G. (2020). Türkiye’de Kalkınma Temelli Sağlık Finansmanının Yapısı ve Politika Önerileri, içinde: Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Disiplinlerarası Yaklaşım, Editörler: Rıza Bayrak ve Mustafa Polat, Nobel Yayınevi. 317-340.
  • 14. Manavgat, G., Saygılı, F., Audibert, M. (2020). Examining the Economic Burden of Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures for Households in Different Socio-Economic Groups in Turkey. 2020. 28(46): 25-49.
  • 15. McIntyre, D., Thiede, M., Dahlgren, G., Whitehead, G. (2006). What are the Economic Consequences for Households of Illness and of Paying for Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Country Contexts? Social Science Medicine. 62(4):858-65.
  • 16. Minh, H. V., Phuong, N. T.K., Saksena P., James D.C., Xu, K. (2013). “Financial Burden of Household Out-of Pocket Health Expenditure in Viet-Nam: Findings From The National Living Standard Survey 2002-2010”, Social Science and Medicine (96) 258- 263.
  • 17. Onoka, A.C., Onwujekwe, O.E, Hanson, K. & Uzochukwu, B.S, (2011). “Examining Catastrophic Health Expenditures at Variable Thresholds Using Household Consumption Expenditure Diaries”, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16(10), 1334–1341.
  • 18. Özgen, N.H., Sahin, İ. & Yıldırım, H.H. (2015). “Financial Catastrophe and Poverty Impacts of Out-Of-Pocket Health Payments in Turkey” Eur. J. Health Econ. (2015) 16, 255–270.
  • 19. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2003). “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı”, Aralık 2003, http://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,11415/saglikta-donusum-programi.html, Erişim Tarihi:17.10.2020.
  • 20. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2006). Türkiye Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları 2002-2003.
  • 21. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). Sağlık Bakanlığı İstatistik Yıllığı 2018. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,62400/saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2018-yayinlanmistir.html, Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2020.
  • 22. Sağlık Bakanlığı RSHMB, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Ankara. https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/USH.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:17.02.2021.
  • 23. SGK (2018). İşyeri ve Sigortalı İstatistikleri (2018). http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik, Erişim Tarihi:05.09. 2020.
  • 24. SGK (2020). http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/calisan/gss_tescil_sureci/2020-yili .
  • 25. SGK İstatistik Yıllıkları (2004-2018).
  • 26. http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/portal/sgk/tr/kurumsal/istatistik /sgk_istatistik_yilliklari, Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2020.
  • 27. Somkotra, T., Lagrada, L.P. (2009). “The Impact of The Universal Coverage Policy Which Households Are at Risk of Catastrophic Health Spending: Experience in Thailand After Universal Coverage”, Health Affairs, 28 (3) 467-478.
  • 28. Tokatlıoğlu Y., Tokatloğlu I.T. (2018). Türkiye'de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamaları ve Bu Harcamaları Belirleyen Faktörler: 2002-2014 Dönemi. Sosyoekonomi. 26(35): 59-78.
  • 29. TUİK (2020). Sağlık Harcaması İstatistikleri (2019). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p =Saglik-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2019, 33659#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal& text=Toplam %20sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%20 arcamas%C4%B1%202019%20y%C4%B1l%C4 %B1nda,milyon %20TL%20olarak%20tahmin%20edildi, Erişim Tarihi:17.01.2021.
  • 30. Wang, H., Vinyals, L.V. Travisa, P. (2018). Financial protection analysis in eight countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Bull. World Health Organ. 96:610–620.
  • 31. WHO (2000). “The World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance”, World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • 32. WHO (2005). World Health Organisation “Social Health Insurance: Sustainable Health Financing, Universal Coverage and Social Health Insurance”. Report by the Secretariat. A58/ 20, Provisional agenda item 13-16.
  • 33. WHO (2010). “The World Health Report 2010: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage, WHO Press, Geneva.
  • 34. WHO (2019). Can People Afford to Pay For Health Care? New Evidence on Financial Protection in Europe. by Sarah Thomson, Jonathan Cylus and Tamás Evetovits.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311654/9789289054058-eng.pdf? sequence =1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:03.02.2021.
  • 35. WHO (2019). Primary Health Care on the Road to Universal Health Coverage 2019 Monitoring Report, Conference Edition, World Health Organization.
  • 36. WHO (2020a), Strengthening and adjusting public health measures throughout the COVID-19 transition phases: policy considerations for the WHO European Region 2020, World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332467/WHO-EURO-2020-690-40425-54211-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:17.11.2020.
  • 37. WHO (2020b) WHO Policy Brief: The Economic and Social Impact Of COVID-19 in The Eastern Mediterranean Region. 2020, World Health Organization. Regional Office for The Eastern Mediterranean. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332818/WHOEMHEC050E-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Erişim Tarihi:18.12.2020.
  • 38. World Bank (2020) COVID-19 and Human Capital. Office of the Chief Economist Fall 2020.
  • 39. World Bank (2020). Turkey Economic Monitor: Adjusting the Sails [online] website https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34318, Erişim Tarihi:17.08.2020.
  • 40. Xu K, Evans D. B & Carrin G. (2007). “Protecting Households from Catastrophic Health Spending”, Health Affairs, 26, 972–83.
  • 41. Xu, K., Evans, D.B., Kawabata, K., Zeramdini, R., Klavus, J., Murray, C.J. (2003). “Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: A Multicountry Analysis”, Lancet 362 (9378), 111–117.
  • 42. Yardım, M.S., Cilingiroglu, N., Yardim, N. (2010). “Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment in Turkey, Health Policy 94 (1), 26–33.
  • 43. Yereli, A.B., Köktaş., A.M., Selçuk, I.S. (2014). “Türkiye’de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamalarını Etkileyen Faktörler.” Sosyoekonomi July-December 2, 274-296.
  • 44. Yıldırım, H.H., Yıldırım, T., Erdem, R. (2011). “Sağlık Hizmetleri Finansmanında Kullanıcı Katkıları: Genel Bir Bakış ve Türkiye İçin Bir Durum Değerlendirmesi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 44, Sayı 2, 71-98.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökçe Manavgat 0000-0003-3729-835X

İlker Daştan 0000-0001-5239-3684

Asiyeh Abbasi This is me 0000-0002-8783-3106

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Manavgat, G., Daştan, İ., & Abbasi, A. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Hanehalkı Yoksulluğu, Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlıkta Finansal Koruma Üzerindeki Olası Etkileri. Eurasian Journal of Health Technology Assessment, 5(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.52148/ehta.903702

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