Factors Influencing Students’ Research Self-Efficacy: A Case Study of University Students in Malaysia

Abstract

Purpose: The main aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between research self-efficacy and the perception of the research training environment, interest in research, research mentoring experience, and research knowledge within a sample of Ph.D. students (N=120) at a local university in Malaysia.

Method: Correlation and regression analysis were employed to investigate the impact of research mentoring, research training environment, interest in research and research knowledge on research self-efficacy. Self-reported questionnaires and a research knowledge test were distributed to the Ph.D. students in the university to collect the data.

Findings: An apparent correlation was found between research self-efficacy, research training environment, interest in research and research mentoring while research self-efficacy was not correlated with research knowledge. Research training environment and interest in research contributed to 26 percent of the variance of change in research self-efficacy.

Implications for research and practice: Conducive environment in the institution fosters higher levels of research self-efficacy and encourage Ph.D. students’ research skills and development. Furthermore, the incorporation of research methodology as a compulsory course in the Ph.D. study serves to improve students’ research interest and knowledge. The self-efficacy theory helps to assist decision making in identifying future researchers in the institution.

 

Keywords

• Higher education,mentoring,interest in research,research training environment

References

1. Ahmad Kamil, Y. (2016). 20,000 MyBrain15 scholarships this year. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/25/20000-mybrain15-scholarships-this-year/.
2. Ahmad, S. S. (2012). Performance Indicators for the Advancement of Malaysian Research with Focus on Social Science and Humanities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 16–28. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.203.
3. Aziz, H. (2016). Making waves with our Ph.D. programmes in Malaysia. Retrieved March 3, 2016, from http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/03/130569/making-waves-our-Ph.D.-programmes.
4. Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2012). Relationships Between Career Counseling Attitudes and Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy Among Emirati University Students. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 143–161. doi:10.1177/0894845310380046.
5. Aydemir, H., Duran, M., Kapıdere, M., Kaleci, D., & Aksoy, N. D. (2014). Self-efficacy of Teacher Candidates Intended Teaching Profession. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.174
6. Bishop, R. M., & Bieschke, K. J. (1994). Interest in Research Questionnaire (Unpublished Scale). United States.
7. Bernardin, H. J. (1996). Academic research under siege: Toward better operational definitions of scholarship to increase effectiveness, efficiencies and productivity. Human Resource Management Review, 6(3), 207–229.
8. Bowen, W. G., & Rudenstine, N. L. (2014). In pursuit of the Ph.D. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

9. Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287–310. doi:10.1007/BF01663995.
10. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.
11. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall.
12. Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In Self-efficacy in changing society. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.
13. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York NY: Freeman.
14. Bandura, A. (1988c). Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
15. Bieschke, K. J., Bishop, R. M., & Herbert, J. T. (1995). Research interest among rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Education, 9, 51–66.
16. Bieschke, K. J. J., Bishop, R. M., & Garcia, V. L. (1996). The Utility of the Research Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 59–75.
17. Boswell, S. S. (2014). Change In Undergraduates’ Efficacy: A Pilot Study Self-Efficacy. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 4(4), 90–96.
18. Brown, S. D., Lent, Lent, R. W., Ryan, N. E., & McPartland, E. B. (1996). Self-efficacy as an intervening mechanism between research training environments and scholarly productivity: A theoretical and methodological extension. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(3), 535–544. doi:0803973233.
19. Bako-Okolo, S. (1993). The effects of selected variables on the research self-efficacy of doctoral candidates in the college of education at the University of Akron. Retrieved June 3, 2014, from http://Ph.D.tree.org/pdf/24825111-the-effects-of-selected-variables-on-the-research-self-efficacy-of-doctoral-candidates-in-the-college-of-education-at-the-university-of-akron/.
20. Byrne, S., Barry, D., & Petry, N. M. (2012). Predictors of weight loss success. Exercise vs. dietary self-efficacy and treatment attendance. Appetite, 58(2), 695–698. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.005.
21. Bergey, B. W., Jass, D., Senfeng, K., & Uma, L. (2015). Scientific Inquiry Self-Efficacy and Computer Game Self-Efficacy as Predictors and Outcomes of Middle School Boys’ and Girls’ Performance in a Science Assessment in a Virtual Environment. Journal of Science Educational Technology. doi:10.1007/s10956-015-9558-4.
22. Cassuto, L. (2013). Ph.D. attrition: How much is too much? Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://chronicle.com/article/Ph.D.-Attrition-How-Much-Is/140045/.
23. Collins, J. L. (1982). Self-efficacy and ability in achievement behavior. In American Educational Research Association. New York NY.
24. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
25. Chin, J. (2015). The 11th Malaysia Plan and Economic Highlights. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/05/21/11th-malaysia-plan-economic-highlights/.
26. Chesnut, S. R., & Burley, H. (2015). Self-efficacy as a predictor of commitment to the teaching profession: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 15, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.02.001.
27. Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473–490. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001.
28. Carvalho, M., & Rahim, R. (2016). Malaysia and Bangladesh ink deal to recruit 1.5 million workers. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/18/bangladeshi-workers-malaysia-mou/.
29. Chaney, D., Hammond, M. S., Betz, N. E., & Multon, K. D. (2007). The Reliability and Factor Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) With African Americans. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 194–205. doi:10.1177/1069072706298020.
30. Callaghan, D. (2005). Healthy behaviors, self-efficacy (SE), self-care, and basic conditioning factors in older adults. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed7& NEWS=N&AN=2005380060.
31. Chiu, Y. L., & Tsai, C. C. (2014). The roles of social factor and internet self-efficacy in nurses’ web-based continuing learning. Nurse Education Today, 34(3), 446–450. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2013.04.013.
32. Chuang, S., Lin, F., & Tsai, C. (2015). Computers in Human Behavior An exploration of the relationship between Internet self-efficacy and sources of Internet self-efficacy among Taiwanese university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.044.
33. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting Self-Efficacy Among Mothers of School-Age Children: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Correlates. Family Relations, 49(1), 13–24.
34. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555. Department of Statistics (Malaysia). (2014). The Annual Labour Force Survey Report and Census in Malaysia: A concise report. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.my/dosm/index.php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=U3VPMldoYUxzVzFaYmNkWXZteGduZz09&bul_id=NHUxTlk1czVzMGYwS29mOEc5NUtOQT09.
35. Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed Self-Assessment Implications for Health,Education and the Workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3), 69–106.
36. Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognise their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 12(3), 83.
37. Else, H. (2014). Malaysia changes targets for postgraduates. Retrieved March 3, 2016, from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/malaysia-changes-targets-for-postgraduates/2014159.article.
38. Evans, L. (2011). The scholarship of researcher development: mapping the terrain and pushing back boundaries. International Journal for Researcher Development, 2(2), 75–98. doi:10.1108/17597511111212691.
39. Evans, L. (2012). Leadership for researcher development: What research leaders need to know and understand. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 40(4), 423–435.
40. Epstein, I. (1987). Pedagogy of the pertubed: Teaching research to the reluctants. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 1, 71–89.
41. Edward, W., & Hopkins, S. A. (2005). Aligning Organizational Subcultures for Competitive Advantage. New York NY: Basic Books.
42. Forester, M., Kahn, J. H., & Hesson-McInnis, M. S. (2004). Factor Structures of Three Measures of Research Self-Efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 12(1), 3–16. doi:10.1177/1069072703257719.
43. Faghihi, F., Rakow, E. A., & Ethington, C. (1999). A study of factors related to dissertation progress among doctoral candidate: Focus on students’ self research efficacy as a result of their research training and experience. In American Educational Research Association. Montreal. doi:ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED430491.
44. Fullick, M. (2013). War of attrition – Asking why Ph.D. students leave. Retrieved April 11, 2015, from http://www.universityaffairs.ca/speculative-diction/war-of-attrition-asking-why-Ph.D.-students-leave/.
45. Fillman, V. M. (2015). Career interest, self-efficacy and perception in undecided and nursing undergraduate students : A quantitative study. Nurse Education Today, 35(1), 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.08.011.
46. Frazier, P., & Osaghae, O. J. (2011). From Maybe I Can to Yes I Can: Developing Preservice and Inservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy to Teach African American Students. Journal of Negro Education, 80(3), 209–222.
47. Greeley, A. T., Johnson, E., Seem, S., Braver, M., Dias, L., & Evans, K. (1989). Research Self-Efficacy Scale (unpublished scale). Grembowski, D., Patrick, D., Diehr, P., Durham, M., Beresford, S., Kay, E., & Hecht, J. (1993). Self-efficacy and health behavior among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34(2), 89–104. doi:10.2307/2137237.
48. Ghonsooly, B., Hassan, G., & Mohaghegh, F. (2014). Self-efficacy and Metacognition as Predictors of Iranian Teacher Trainees’ Academic Performance: A Path Analysis Approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 590–598. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.455.
49. Gelso, C. J., Mallinckrodt, B., & Judge, A. B. (1996). Research Training Environment, Attitudes toward Research, and Research Self-Efficacy: The Revised Research Training Environment Scale. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 304–322. doi:10.1177/0011000096242010.
50. Hollingsworth, Merris A.; Fassinger, R. E. (2002). The role of faculty mentors in the research training of counseling psychology doctoral students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 324–330. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.324.
51. Holden, G., Barker, K., Meenaghan, T., & Rosenberg, G. (1999). Research self-efficacy: A new possibility for educational outcomes assessment. Journal of Social Work Education, 35(3), 463–477.
52. Hodges, C. B. (2008). Implications of Domain-General “Psychological Support Skills” for Transfer of Skill and Acquisition of Expertise. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 20(3-4), 7–25. doi:10.1002/piq.
53. Hartadiyati, E. W. H. (2015). Self-efficacy as affective domain of pedagogy content knowledge (PCK): The Implications for Pre-Service and In-Service teachers in Science teaching. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(1), 391–404.
54. Isaac, P. D., Quinlan, V., & Walker, M. M. (1992). Faculty Perceptions of the Doctoral Dissertation. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(3), 241–268.
55. Jaafar, N., Tamuri, A. H., Muhamad, N. A. F., Ghazali, N. M., Amat, R. A. M., Raus, N. M., & Hassan, S. N. S. (2012). The Importance of Self-Efficacy: A Need for Islamic Teachers as Murabbi. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69(International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012)), 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.421.
56. Jegede, P. O. (2014). Journal of Psychology in Africa Factors in Computer Self-Efficacy Among Nigerian College of Education Teachers Factors in Computer Self-Efficacy Among Nigerian College of. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 17(1), 39–44. doi:10.1080/14330237.2007.10820142.
57. Jameson, M. M., & Fusco, B. R. (2014). Math Anxiety, Math Self-Concept, and Math Self-Efficacy in Adult Learners Compared to Traditional Undergraduate Students. Adult Education Quarterly, 64(4), 306–322. doi:10.1177/0741713614541461.
58. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 607–610.
59. Kaya, S., & Durmuş, A. (2010). Pre-service teachers’ perceived internet self-efficacy and levels of internet use for research. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4370–4376. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.695
60. Koo, Y. L., Fazal Mohamed, M. S., & Kemboja, I. (2012). Memperkukuh Dasar Pengajian Tinggi Melalui Penyelidikan (IX-X). Ministry of Higher Education.
61. Kahn, J. H., & Scott, N. A. (1997). Predictors of Research Productivity and Science-Related Career Goals among Counseling Psychology Doctoral Students. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(1), 38–67. doi:10.1177/0011000097251005.
62. Kahn, J. H. (2001). Predicting the scholarly activity of counseling psychology students: A refinement and extension. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 344–354.
63. Kahn, J. H., & Miller, S. A. A. (2000). Measuring global perceptions of the research training environment using a short form of the RTES-R. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-05649-003.
64. Kerlin, S. P. (1995). Pursuit of the Ph.D.: Survival of the fittest, or is it time for a new approach. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 3(16), 41–68.
65. Kuther, T. (2015). What is a doctoral candidate? Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://gradschool.about.com/od/survivinggraduateschool/g/doctoralcand.htm.
66. Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York NY: Rinehart & Winstron.
67. Kuo, Y. C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001.
68. Kher, H. V., Downey, J. P., & Monk, E. (2013). A longitudinal examination of computer self-efficacy change trajectories during training. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1816–1824. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.022.
69. Leader-Janssen, E. M., & Rankin-Erickson, J. L. (2013). Preservice Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Self-Efficacy for Teaching Reading. Literacy Research and Instruction, 52(3), 204–229. doi:10.1080/19388071.2013.781253.
70. Lambie, G. W. (2012). Research Knowledge Assessment (RKA) Unpublished Scale. Orlando, Florida, USA. Lam, S., Tracz, S., & Lucey, C. (2013). Age, Gender and Ethnicity of Counsellor Trainees and Corresponding Counselling Self-Efficacy: Research Findings and Implications for Counsellor Educators. International Journal of Advance Counselling, 35, 172–187. doi:10.1007/s10447-012-9175-3.
71. Laerd Statistics. (2012). Research strategy. Retrieved April 29, 2015, from http://dissertation.laerd.com/purposive-sampling.php total.
72. Lambie, G. W., & Vaccaro, N. (2011). Doctoral Counselor Education Students ; Levels of Research Self-Efficacy, Perceptions of the Research Training Environment and Interest in Research, 50(June), 243–258.
73. Lent, R. W. W., Brown, S. D. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1984). Relation of self-efficacy expectations to academic achievement and persistence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 356–362.
74. Landino, R. A., & Owen, S. V. (1988). Self-efficacy in university faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33, 1–14.
75. Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., & Rudolph, J. L. (2003). Contraceptive Self-Efficacy : Does It Influence Adolescents’ Contraceptive Use? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(1), 45–60.
76. Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Horrell, A. (2004). Self-Efficacy and Research Methods. The Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport and Tourism, 3(2), 25–37. doi:10.3794/johlste.32.59.
77. Lambie, G. W., Hayes, B. G., Griffith, C., Limberg, D., & Mullen, P. R. (2014). An Exploratory Investigation of the Research Self-Efficacy, Interest in Research, and Research Knowledge of Ph.D. in Education Students. Innovative Higher Education, 39(2), 139–153. doi:10.1007/s10755-013-9264-1.
78. Lent, R. W., Lopez, F. G., & Bieschke, K. J. (1993). Predicting mathematics-related academic choice and success: Test of an expanded social cognitive model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 223–236.
79. Lee, J. Y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students’ socio-cultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38(1), 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.009.
80. Lee, C.Y. (2015). Changes in self-efficacy and task value in online learning. Distance Education, 36(1), 59–79. doi:10.1080/01587919.2015.1019967.
81. Lipsey, M. W. (1990). Design sensitivity: Statistical power for applied experimental research. Newbury Park CA: Sage Publications.
82. Lynch, M. T., Zhang, L., & Korr, W. S. (2009). Research Training, Institutional Support, and Self-Efficacy: Their Impact on Research Activity of Social Workers. Advances in Social Work, 10(2), 193–210.
83. Love, K. M., Bahner, A. D., Jones, L. N., & Nelson, J. E. (2007). An investigation of early research experience and research self efficacy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 314–320.
84. Lopez, F. G., Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. (1997). Role of social cognitive expectations in high school students’ mathematics-related interest and performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 44–52.
85. Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ministry of Higher Education. (2015). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education). Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://hes.moe.gov.my/event/docs/4. Executive Summary PPPM 2015-2025.pdf.
86. Mahat, J., Ayub, A. F. M., & Luan, S. (2012). An Assessment of Students’ Mobile Self-Efficacy, Readiness and Personal Innovativeness towards Mobile Learning in Higher Education in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 284–290. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.033.
87. Malinen, O. P., Savolainen, H., & Xu, J. (2012). Beijing in-service teachers’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards inclusive education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(4), 526–534. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.12.004
88. Murphy, K. R., & Myors, B. (1998). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests. Mahwah,NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30–38.
90. Multon, K. D., Karen, D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 30–38.
91. Mackenzie, C. S., & Peragine, G. (2003). Measuring and enhancing self-efficacy among professional caregivers of individuals with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 18(5), 291–299.
92. MyBrain15. (2008). MyBrain15 programme in Malaysia. Retrieved September 5, 2014, from https://biasiswa.moe.gov.my/MyBrain15/.
93. Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30–38.
94. Morris, D. B., & Usher, E. L. (2011). Developing teaching self-efficacy in research institutions: A study of award-winning professors. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(3), 232–245. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.005.
95. Nunnally, C. J. (1978). Psychometric theory. Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York NY: McGraw-Hill. Organisation for Economic Corperation and Development (OECD). (2013). Structural policy and country notes: Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dev/asia-pacific/Malaysia.pdf.
96. Omar, M. W., Mohd Ali, M. N., Khalid, K., Zakaria, A., & Anuar, M. (2013). Managing the time to completion of the PH.D, (October), 262–266.
97. Prat-Sala, M., & Redford, P. (2012). Writing essays: does self-efficacy matter? The relationship between self-efficacy in reading and in writing and undergraduate students’ performance in essay writing. Educational Psychology, 32(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.621411.
98. Pennanen, M., Haukkala, A., Vries, H. D., & Vartiainen, E. (2011). Academic achievement and smoking: Is self-efficacy an important factor in understanding social inequalities in Finnish adolescents? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39(7), 714–722.
99. Pampaka, M., Kleanthous, I., Hutcheson, G. D., & Wake, G. (2011). Measuring mathematics self-efficacy as a learning outcome. Research in Mathematics Education, 13(2), 169–190. doi:10.1080/14794802.2011.585828.
100. Pan, W., Sun, L. Y., & Chow, I. H. S. (2011). The impact of supervisory mentoring on personal learning and career outcomes: The dual moderating effect of self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 264–273. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.05.001.
101. Phillips, J. C., & Russell, R. K. (1994). Research Self-Efficacy, the Research Training Environment, and Research Productivity among Graduate Students in Counseling Psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 22(4), 628–641. doi:10.1177/0011000094224008.
102. Pasupathy, R. (2010). A mixed methods study examining that influence faculty members’ research self-efficacy and research productivity. Texas Tech University.
103. Petko, J. (2012). Counselor education doctoral students’ level of research self efficacy, interest in research and research mentoring: A cross-sectional investigation (Ph.D. thesis). Central Florida.
104. Phillips, J. C. (1992). Research self-efficacy and research training environment in counseling psychology. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(9), 4934–B.
105. Presely, J. A., & Engelbride, E. (1998). Accounting for faculty productivity in the research university. Review of Higher Education, 22(1), 17–37.
106. Pellas, N. (2014). The influence of computer self-efficacy, metacognitive self-regulation and self-esteem on student engagement in online learning programs: Evidence from the virtual world of Second Life. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 157–170. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.048.
107. Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence: Implications for Teachers and Parents. Information Age Publishing.
108. Reeb, R. N., Folger, S. F., Langsner, S., Ryan, C., & Crouse, J. (2010). Self-Efficacy in Service-Learning Community Action Research: Theory, Research, and Practice. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3), 459–471. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9342-9.
109. Rodebaugh, T. L. (2006). Self-efficacy and social behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(12), 1831–1838. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.014.
110. Raudenbush, S. W., Rowan, B., & Cheong, Y. F. (1992). Contextual Effects on the Self-perceived Efficacy of High School Teachers. Sociology of Education, 65(2), 150–167. Roest, D. V., & Kleiner, K. (2010). Self efficacy (SE) theories: The biology of confidence. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.calstate.edu/pa/News/2010/advisory/BOT_11.1.10.shtml.
111. Rezaei, M., & Miandashti, N. Z. (2013). The Relationship Between Research Self-Efficacy, Research Anxiety and Attitude Toward Research : A Study Of Agricultural Graduate Students. Journal of Educational and Instrutional Studies in the World, (November), 69–78.
112. Reissman, C. (1993). Teaching research: Beyond the storybook image of positivist science. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 8, 281–303.
113. Royse, D., & Rompf, E. (1992). Math anxiety: A comparison of social work and non-social work students. Journal of Education for Social Work, 28, 270–277.
114. Robb, M. (2012). Self-Efficacy With Application to Nursing Education: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum, 47(3), 166–172. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2012.00267.x.
115. Sproull, N. L. (1995). Handbook of research methods: A guide for practitioners and students in the social sciences. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press.
116. Saral, D. G., & Didem, R. (2015). An analysis of educational faculty students’ research self-efficacy in terms of a number of variables. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 1138–1145. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.729.
117. Schlosser, L. Z., Knox, S., Moskovitz, A. R., & Hill, C. E. (2003). A qualitative study of the graduate advising relationship: The advisee perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 178–188.
118. Schunk, D. H., & Rice, J. M. (1993). Strategy fading and progress feedback: Effects of self-efficacy and comprehension among students receiving remedial reading services. Journal of Special Education, 27, 257–276.
119. Szymanski, D. M., Ozegovic, J. J., Phillips, J. C., & Briggs-Phillips, M. (2007). Fostering scholarly productivity through academic and internship research training environments. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1, 135–146.
120. Shao, J., Chuang, Y., & Chen, S. (2015). A multi-perspective focus-group approach to revise items in a dietary self-efficacy. Australian College of Nursing.
121. Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
122. Tuckman, B. W. (1972). Conducting educational research. New York NY: Harcourt.
123. Torres, M. M., Torres, R. R., Rodríguez, A. M. P., & Lee, C. D. (2003). Translation and Validation of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Into Spanish: Data From a Puerto Rican Population. Journal of Human Lactation, 19(1), 35–42.
124. Unrau, Y. A., & Beck, A. R. (2004). Increasing research self-efficacy among students in professional academic programs. Innovative Higher Education, 28(3), 187–205. doi:10.1023/B:IHIE.0000015107.51904.95.
125. Vasil, L. (1992). Self-efficacy expectations and causal attributions for achievement among male and female university faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 41(3), 259–269.
126. Vaccaro, N. (2009). The relationship between research self-efficacy, perceptions of the research training environment and interest in research in counselor education doctoral students: An ex-post-facto, cross-sectional correlational investigation (Ph.D. thesis). Central Florida.
127. Varney, J. J. (2010). The role of dissertation self-efficacy in increasing dissertation completion: sources, effects and viability of a new self-efficacy construct. College Students Journal, 44(4).
128. Wang, C., Harris, J., & Patterson, P. (2013). The Roles of Habit, Self-Efficacy and Satisfaction in Driving Continued Use of Self-Service Technologies : A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Service Research, 16(3), 400–414. doi:10.1177/1094670512473200.
129. Welzer-Ward, L., Baltes, B., Hoffman-Kipp, P., & Lynn, L. (2010). Students' Research Self-Efficacy (RSE) During Online Doctoral Research Courses. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://jamiesmithportfolio.com/EDTE800/wp-content/Self-Efficacy/Baltes.pdf.
130. Wainstock, S. (1994). Swimming against the current: Teaching research methodology to reluctant social work student. Journal in Teaching Social Work, 9, 3–16.
131. Zimmerman, W. S. (1995). Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing society (pp. 202–231). New York NY: Cambridge University Press.
132. Zhao, J., McCormick, J., & Hoekman, K. (2008). Idiocentrism-allocentrism and academics’ self-efficacy for research in Beijing universities. International Journal of Educational Management, 22(2), 168–183. doi:10.1108/09513540810853567.
133. Zubaran, C., Foresti, K., Schumacher, M., Thorell, M. R., Amoretti, A., Müller, L., & Dennis, C. L. (2010). The Portuguese version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form. Journal of Human Lactation:Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 26(3), 297–303. doi:10.1177/0890334409359916.
134. Yazit, N., & Zainab, A. N. (2007). Publication Productivity of Malaysian Authors and Institutions in LIS. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 12(2), 35–55.