Factors Influencing Students’ Research Self-Efficacy: A Case Study of University Students in Malaysia

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 82, 137 - 168, 31.07.2019

Racheal Poh Abdul Ghani Bin Kanesan Abdullah

Abstract

Purpose: The main aim of the study was to
investigate the relationship between research self-efficacy and the perception
of the research training environment, interest in research, research mentoring
experience, and research knowledge within a sample of Ph.D. students (N=120) at
a local university in Malaysia.

Method:
Correlation and regression analysis were employed to investigate the impact of
research mentoring, research training environment, interest in research and
research knowledge on research self-efficacy. Self-reported questionnaires and
a research knowledge test were distributed to the Ph.D. students in the
university to collect the data.

Findings: An apparent
correlation was found between research self-efficacy, research training
environment, interest in research and research mentoring while research
self-efficacy was not correlated with research knowledge. Research training
environment and interest in research contributed to 26 percent of the variance
of change in research self-efficacy.

Implications for research and practice: Conducive environment in the institution fosters higher levels of
research self-efficacy and encourage Ph.D. students’ research skills and
development. Furthermore, the incorporation of research methodology as a
compulsory course in the Ph.D. study serves to improve students’ research
interest and knowledge. The self-efficacy theory helps to assist decision making
in identifying future researchers in the institution.

 

Keywords

Higher education, mentoring, interest in research, research training environment

References

• Ahmad Kamil, Y. (2016). 20,000 MyBrain15 scholarships this year. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/25/20000-mybrain15-scholarships-this-year/.
• Ahmad, S. S. (2012). Performance Indicators for the Advancement of Malaysian Research with Focus on Social Science and Humanities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 16–28. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.203.
• Aziz, H. (2016). Making waves with our Ph.D. programmes in Malaysia. Retrieved March 3, 2016, from http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/03/130569/making-waves-our-Ph.D.-programmes.
• Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2012). Relationships Between Career Counseling Attitudes and Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy Among Emirati University Students. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 143–161. doi:10.1177/0894845310380046.
• Aydemir, H., Duran, M., Kapıdere, M., Kaleci, D., & Aksoy, N. D. (2014). Self-efficacy of Teacher Candidates Intended Teaching Profession. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.174
• Bishop, R. M., & Bieschke, K. J. (1994). Interest in Research Questionnaire (Unpublished Scale). United States.
• Bernardin, H. J. (1996). Academic research under siege: Toward better operational definitions of scholarship to increase effectiveness, efficiencies and productivity. Human Resource Management Review, 6(3), 207–229.
• Bowen, W. G., & Rudenstine, N. L. (2014). In pursuit of the Ph.D. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287–310. doi:10.1007/BF01663995.
• Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147.
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In Self-efficacy in changing society. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York NY: Freeman.
• Bandura, A. (1988c). Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Bieschke, K. J., Bishop, R. M., & Herbert, J. T. (1995). Research interest among rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Education, 9, 51–66.
• Bieschke, K. J. J., Bishop, R. M., & Garcia, V. L. (1996). The Utility of the Research Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 59–75.
• Boswell, S. S. (2014). Change In Undergraduates’ Efficacy: A Pilot Study Self-Efficacy. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 4(4), 90–96.
• Brown, S. D., Lent, Lent, R. W., Ryan, N. E., & McPartland, E. B. (1996). Self-efficacy as an intervening mechanism between research training environments and scholarly productivity: A theoretical and methodological extension. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(3), 535–544. doi:0803973233.
• Bako-Okolo, S. (1993). The effects of selected variables on the research self-efficacy of doctoral candidates in the college of education at the University of Akron. Retrieved June 3, 2014, from http://Ph.D.tree.org/pdf/24825111-the-effects-of-selected-variables-on-the-research-self-efficacy-of-doctoral-candidates-in-the-college-of-education-at-the-university-of-akron/.
• Byrne, S., Barry, D., & Petry, N. M. (2012). Predictors of weight loss success. Exercise vs. dietary self-efficacy and treatment attendance. Appetite, 58(2), 695–698. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.005.
• Bergey, B. W., Jass, D., Senfeng, K., & Uma, L. (2015). Scientific Inquiry Self-Efficacy and Computer Game Self-Efficacy as Predictors and Outcomes of Middle School Boys’ and Girls’ Performance in a Science Assessment in a Virtual Environment. Journal of Science Educational Technology. doi:10.1007/s10956-015-9558-4.
• Cassuto, L. (2013). Ph.D. attrition: How much is too much? Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://chronicle.com/article/Ph.D.-Attrition-How-Much-Is/140045/.
• Collins, J. L. (1982). Self-efficacy and ability in achievement behavior. In American Educational Research Association. New York NY.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Chin, J. (2015). The 11th Malaysia Plan and Economic Highlights. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/05/21/11th-malaysia-plan-economic-highlights/.
• Chesnut, S. R., & Burley, H. (2015). Self-efficacy as a predictor of commitment to the teaching profession: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 15, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.02.001.
• Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473–490. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001.
• Carvalho, M., & Rahim, R. (2016). Malaysia and Bangladesh ink deal to recruit 1.5 million workers. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/02/18/bangladeshi-workers-malaysia-mou/.
• Chaney, D., Hammond, M. S., Betz, N. E., & Multon, K. D. (2007). The Reliability and Factor Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (SES) With African Americans. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 194–205. doi:10.1177/1069072706298020.
• Callaghan, D. (2005). Healthy behaviors, self-efficacy (SE), self-care, and basic conditioning factors in older adults. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed7& NEWS=N&AN=2005380060.
• Chiu, Y. L., & Tsai, C. C. (2014). The roles of social factor and internet self-efficacy in nurses’ web-based continuing learning. Nurse Education Today, 34(3), 446–450. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2013.04.013.
• Chuang, S., Lin, F., & Tsai, C. (2015). Computers in Human Behavior An exploration of the relationship between Internet self-efficacy and sources of Internet self-efficacy among Taiwanese university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.044.
• Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting Self-Efficacy Among Mothers of School-Age Children: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Correlates. Family Relations, 49(1), 13–24.
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. doi:10.1007/BF02310555. Department of Statistics (Malaysia). (2014). The Annual Labour Force Survey Report and Census in Malaysia: A concise report. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.my/dosm/index.php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=U3VPMldoYUxzVzFaYmNkWXZteGduZz09&bul_id=NHUxTlk1czVzMGYwS29mOEc5NUtOQT09.
• Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed Self-Assessment Implications for Health,Education and the Workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3), 69–106.
• Dunning, D., Johnson, K., Ehrlinger, J., & Kruger, J. (2003). Why people fail to recognise their own incompetence. Current Directions in Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 12(3), 83.
• Else, H. (2014). Malaysia changes targets for postgraduates. Retrieved March 3, 2016, from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/malaysia-changes-targets-for-postgraduates/2014159.article.
• Evans, L. (2011). The scholarship of researcher development: mapping the terrain and pushing back boundaries. International Journal for Researcher Development, 2(2), 75–98. doi:10.1108/17597511111212691.
• Evans, L. (2012). Leadership for researcher development: What research leaders need to know and understand. Educational Management, Administration & Leadership, 40(4), 423–435.
• Epstein, I. (1987). Pedagogy of the pertubed: Teaching research to the reluctants. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 1, 71–89.
• Edward, W., & Hopkins, S. A. (2005). Aligning Organizational Subcultures for Competitive Advantage. New York NY: Basic Books.
• Forester, M., Kahn, J. H., & Hesson-McInnis, M. S. (2004). Factor Structures of Three Measures of Research Self-Efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 12(1), 3–16. doi:10.1177/1069072703257719.
• Faghihi, F., Rakow, E. A., & Ethington, C. (1999). A study of factors related to dissertation progress among doctoral candidate: Focus on students’ self research efficacy as a result of their research training and experience. In American Educational Research Association. Montreal. doi:ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED430491.
• Fullick, M. (2013). War of attrition – Asking why Ph.D. students leave. Retrieved April 11, 2015, from http://www.universityaffairs.ca/speculative-diction/war-of-attrition-asking-why-Ph.D.-students-leave/.
• Fillman, V. M. (2015). Career interest, self-efficacy and perception in undecided and nursing undergraduate students : A quantitative study. Nurse Education Today, 35(1), 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.08.011.
• Frazier, P., & Osaghae, O. J. (2011). From Maybe I Can to Yes I Can: Developing Preservice and Inservice Teachers’ Self-Efficacy to Teach African American Students. Journal of Negro Education, 80(3), 209–222.
• Greeley, A. T., Johnson, E., Seem, S., Braver, M., Dias, L., & Evans, K. (1989). Research Self-Efficacy Scale (unpublished scale). Grembowski, D., Patrick, D., Diehr, P., Durham, M., Beresford, S., Kay, E., & Hecht, J. (1993). Self-efficacy and health behavior among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34(2), 89–104. doi:10.2307/2137237.
• Ghonsooly, B., Hassan, G., & Mohaghegh, F. (2014). Self-efficacy and Metacognition as Predictors of Iranian Teacher Trainees’ Academic Performance: A Path Analysis Approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 590–598. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.455.
• Gelso, C. J., Mallinckrodt, B., & Judge, A. B. (1996). Research Training Environment, Attitudes toward Research, and Research Self-Efficacy: The Revised Research Training Environment Scale. The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 304–322. doi:10.1177/0011000096242010.
• Hollingsworth, Merris A.; Fassinger, R. E. (2002). The role of faculty mentors in the research training of counseling psychology doctoral students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 324–330. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.324.
• Holden, G., Barker, K., Meenaghan, T., & Rosenberg, G. (1999). Research self-efficacy: A new possibility for educational outcomes assessment. Journal of Social Work Education, 35(3), 463–477.
• Hodges, C. B. (2008). Implications of Domain-General “Psychological Support Skills” for Transfer of Skill and Acquisition of Expertise. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 20(3-4), 7–25. doi:10.1002/piq.
• Hartadiyati, E. W. H. (2015). Self-efficacy as affective domain of pedagogy content knowledge (PCK): The Implications for Pre-Service and In-Service teachers in Science teaching. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(1), 391–404.
• Isaac, P. D., Quinlan, V., & Walker, M. M. (1992). Faculty Perceptions of the Doctoral Dissertation. The Journal of Higher Education, 63(3), 241–268.
• Jaafar, N., Tamuri, A. H., Muhamad, N. A. F., Ghazali, N. M., Amat, R. A. M., Raus, N. M., & Hassan, S. N. S. (2012). The Importance of Self-Efficacy: A Need for Islamic Teachers as Murabbi. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69(International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012)), 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.421.
• Jegede, P. O. (2014). Journal of Psychology in Africa Factors in Computer Self-Efficacy Among Nigerian College of Education Teachers Factors in Computer Self-Efficacy Among Nigerian College of. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 17(1), 39–44. doi:10.1080/14330237.2007.10820142.
• Jameson, M. M., & Fusco, B. R. (2014). Math Anxiety, Math Self-Concept, and Math Self-Efficacy in Adult Learners Compared to Traditional Undergraduate Students. Adult Education Quarterly, 64(4), 306–322. doi:10.1177/0741713614541461.
• Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 607–610.
• Kaya, S., & Durmuş, A. (2010). Pre-service teachers’ perceived internet self-efficacy and levels of internet use for research. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4370–4376. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.695
• Koo, Y. L., Fazal Mohamed, M. S., & Kemboja, I. (2012). Memperkukuh Dasar Pengajian Tinggi Melalui Penyelidikan (IX-X). Ministry of Higher Education.
• Kahn, J. H., & Scott, N. A. (1997). Predictors of Research Productivity and Science-Related Career Goals among Counseling Psychology Doctoral Students. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(1), 38–67. doi:10.1177/0011000097251005.
• Kahn, J. H. (2001). Predicting the scholarly activity of counseling psychology students: A refinement and extension. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 344–354.
• Kahn, J. H., & Miller, S. A. A. (2000). Measuring global perceptions of the research training environment using a short form of the RTES-R. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-05649-003.
• Kerlin, S. P. (1995). Pursuit of the Ph.D.: Survival of the fittest, or is it time for a new approach. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 3(16), 41–68.
• Kuther, T. (2015). What is a doctoral candidate? Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://gradschool.about.com/od/survivinggraduateschool/g/doctoralcand.htm.
• Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York NY: Rinehart & Winstron.
• Kuo, Y. C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001.
• Kher, H. V., Downey, J. P., & Monk, E. (2013). A longitudinal examination of computer self-efficacy change trajectories during training. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1816–1824. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.022.
• Leader-Janssen, E. M., & Rankin-Erickson, J. L. (2013). Preservice Teachers’ Content Knowledge and Self-Efficacy for Teaching Reading. Literacy Research and Instruction, 52(3), 204–229. doi:10.1080/19388071.2013.781253.
• Lambie, G. W. (2012). Research Knowledge Assessment (RKA) Unpublished Scale. Orlando, Florida, USA. Lam, S., Tracz, S., & Lucey, C. (2013). Age, Gender and Ethnicity of Counsellor Trainees and Corresponding Counselling Self-Efficacy: Research Findings and Implications for Counsellor Educators. International Journal of Advance Counselling, 35, 172–187. doi:10.1007/s10447-012-9175-3.
• Laerd Statistics. (2012). Research strategy. Retrieved April 29, 2015, from http://dissertation.laerd.com/purposive-sampling.php total.
• Lambie, G. W., & Vaccaro, N. (2011). Doctoral Counselor Education Students ; Levels of Research Self-Efficacy, Perceptions of the Research Training Environment and Interest in Research, 50(June), 243–258.
• Lent, R. W. W., Brown, S. D. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1984). Relation of self-efficacy expectations to academic achievement and persistence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 356–362.
• Landino, R. A., & Owen, S. V. (1988). Self-efficacy in university faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33, 1–14.
• Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., & Rudolph, J. L. (2003). Contraceptive Self-Efficacy : Does It Influence Adolescents’ Contraceptive Use? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(1), 45–60.
• Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., & Horrell, A. (2004). Self-Efficacy and Research Methods. The Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport and Tourism, 3(2), 25–37. doi:10.3794/johlste.32.59.
• Lambie, G. W., Hayes, B. G., Griffith, C., Limberg, D., & Mullen, P. R. (2014). An Exploratory Investigation of the Research Self-Efficacy, Interest in Research, and Research Knowledge of Ph.D. in Education Students. Innovative Higher Education, 39(2), 139–153. doi:10.1007/s10755-013-9264-1.
• Lent, R. W., Lopez, F. G., & Bieschke, K. J. (1993). Predicting mathematics-related academic choice and success: Test of an expanded social cognitive model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 223–236.
• Lee, J. Y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students’ socio-cultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38(1), 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.009.
• Lee, C.Y. (2015). Changes in self-efficacy and task value in online learning. Distance Education, 36(1), 59–79. doi:10.1080/01587919.2015.1019967.
• Lipsey, M. W. (1990). Design sensitivity: Statistical power for applied experimental research. Newbury Park CA: Sage Publications.
• Lynch, M. T., Zhang, L., & Korr, W. S. (2009). Research Training, Institutional Support, and Self-Efficacy: Their Impact on Research Activity of Social Workers. Advances in Social Work, 10(2), 193–210.
• Love, K. M., Bahner, A. D., Jones, L. N., & Nelson, J. E. (2007). An investigation of early research experience and research self efficacy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(3), 314–320.
• Lopez, F. G., Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. (1997). Role of social cognitive expectations in high school students’ mathematics-related interest and performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 44–52.
• Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ministry of Higher Education. (2015). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education). Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://hes.moe.gov.my/event/docs/4. Executive Summary PPPM 2015-2025.pdf.
• Mahat, J., Ayub, A. F. M., & Luan, S. (2012). An Assessment of Students’ Mobile Self-Efficacy, Readiness and Personal Innovativeness towards Mobile Learning in Higher Education in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 284–290. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.033.
• Malinen, O. P., Savolainen, H., & Xu, J. (2012). Beijing in-service teachers’ self-efficacy and attitudes towards inclusive education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(4), 526–534. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.12.004
• Murphy, K. R., & Myors, B. (1998). Statistical power analysis: A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests. Mahwah,NJ: Erlbaum.
• Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30–38.
• Multon, K. D., Karen, D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 30–38.
• Mackenzie, C. S., & Peragine, G. (2003). Measuring and enhancing self-efficacy among professional caregivers of individuals with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 18(5), 291–299.
• MyBrain15. (2008). MyBrain15 programme in Malaysia. Retrieved September 5, 2014, from https://biasiswa.moe.gov.my/MyBrain15/.
• Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30–38.
• Morris, D. B., & Usher, E. L. (2011). Developing teaching self-efficacy in research institutions: A study of award-winning professors. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(3), 232–245. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.005.
• Nunnally, C. J. (1978). Psychometric theory. Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York NY: McGraw-Hill. Organisation for Economic Corperation and Development (OECD). (2013). Structural policy and country notes: Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dev/asia-pacific/Malaysia.pdf.
• Omar, M. W., Mohd Ali, M. N., Khalid, K., Zakaria, A., & Anuar, M. (2013). Managing the time to completion of the PH.D, (October), 262–266.
• Prat-Sala, M., & Redford, P. (2012). Writing essays: does self-efficacy matter? The relationship between self-efficacy in reading and in writing and undergraduate students’ performance in essay writing. Educational Psychology, 32(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.621411.
• Pennanen, M., Haukkala, A., Vries, H. D., & Vartiainen, E. (2011). Academic achievement and smoking: Is self-efficacy an important factor in understanding social inequalities in Finnish adolescents? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39(7), 714–722.
• Pampaka, M., Kleanthous, I., Hutcheson, G. D., & Wake, G. (2011). Measuring mathematics self-efficacy as a learning outcome. Research in Mathematics Education, 13(2), 169–190. doi:10.1080/14794802.2011.585828.
• Pan, W., Sun, L. Y., & Chow, I. H. S. (2011). The impact of supervisory mentoring on personal learning and career outcomes: The dual moderating effect of self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 264–273. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.05.001.
• Phillips, J. C., & Russell, R. K. (1994). Research Self-Efficacy, the Research Training Environment, and Research Productivity among Graduate Students in Counseling Psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 22(4), 628–641. doi:10.1177/0011000094224008.
• Pasupathy, R. (2010). A mixed methods study examining that influence faculty members’ research self-efficacy and research productivity. Texas Tech University.
• Petko, J. (2012). Counselor education doctoral students’ level of research self efficacy, interest in research and research mentoring: A cross-sectional investigation (Ph.D. thesis). Central Florida.
• Phillips, J. C. (1992). Research self-efficacy and research training environment in counseling psychology. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(9), 4934–B.
• Presely, J. A., & Engelbride, E. (1998). Accounting for faculty productivity in the research university. Review of Higher Education, 22(1), 17–37.
• Pellas, N. (2014). The influence of computer self-efficacy, metacognitive self-regulation and self-esteem on student engagement in online learning programs: Evidence from the virtual world of Second Life. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 157–170. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.048.
• Pajares, F. (2006). Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence: Implications for Teachers and Parents. Information Age Publishing.
• Reeb, R. N., Folger, S. F., Langsner, S., Ryan, C., & Crouse, J. (2010). Self-Efficacy in Service-Learning Community Action Research: Theory, Research, and Practice. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3), 459–471. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9342-9.
• Rodebaugh, T. L. (2006). Self-efficacy and social behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(12), 1831–1838. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.014.
• Raudenbush, S. W., Rowan, B., & Cheong, Y. F. (1992). Contextual Effects on the Self-perceived Efficacy of High School Teachers. Sociology of Education, 65(2), 150–167. Roest, D. V., & Kleiner, K. (2010). Self efficacy (SE) theories: The biology of confidence. Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.calstate.edu/pa/News/2010/advisory/BOT_11.1.10.shtml.
• Rezaei, M., & Miandashti, N. Z. (2013). The Relationship Between Research Self-Efficacy, Research Anxiety and Attitude Toward Research : A Study Of Agricultural Graduate Students. Journal of Educational and Instrutional Studies in the World, (November), 69–78.
• Reissman, C. (1993). Teaching research: Beyond the storybook image of positivist science. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 8, 281–303.
• Royse, D., & Rompf, E. (1992). Math anxiety: A comparison of social work and non-social work students. Journal of Education for Social Work, 28, 270–277.
• Robb, M. (2012). Self-Efficacy With Application to Nursing Education: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum, 47(3), 166–172. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2012.00267.x.
• Sproull, N. L. (1995). Handbook of research methods: A guide for practitioners and students in the social sciences. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press.
• Saral, D. G., & Didem, R. (2015). An analysis of educational faculty students’ research self-efficacy in terms of a number of variables. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 1138–1145. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.729.
• Schlosser, L. Z., Knox, S., Moskovitz, A. R., & Hill, C. E. (2003). A qualitative study of the graduate advising relationship: The advisee perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 178–188.
• Schunk, D. H., & Rice, J. M. (1993). Strategy fading and progress feedback: Effects of self-efficacy and comprehension among students receiving remedial reading services. Journal of Special Education, 27, 257–276.
• Szymanski, D. M., Ozegovic, J. J., Phillips, J. C., & Briggs-Phillips, M. (2007). Fostering scholarly productivity through academic and internship research training environments. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1, 135–146.
• Shao, J., Chuang, Y., & Chen, S. (2015). A multi-perspective focus-group approach to revise items in a dietary self-efficacy. Australian College of Nursing.
• Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Tuckman, B. W. (1972). Conducting educational research. New York NY: Harcourt.
• Torres, M. M., Torres, R. R., Rodríguez, A. M. P., & Lee, C. D. (2003). Translation and Validation of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale Into Spanish: Data From a Puerto Rican Population. Journal of Human Lactation, 19(1), 35–42.
• Unrau, Y. A., & Beck, A. R. (2004). Increasing research self-efficacy among students in professional academic programs. Innovative Higher Education, 28(3), 187–205. doi:10.1023/B:IHIE.0000015107.51904.95.
• Vasil, L. (1992). Self-efficacy expectations and causal attributions for achievement among male and female university faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 41(3), 259–269.
• Vaccaro, N. (2009). The relationship between research self-efficacy, perceptions of the research training environment and interest in research in counselor education doctoral students: An ex-post-facto, cross-sectional correlational investigation (Ph.D. thesis). Central Florida.
• Varney, J. J. (2010). The role of dissertation self-efficacy in increasing dissertation completion: sources, effects and viability of a new self-efficacy construct. College Students Journal, 44(4).
• Wang, C., Harris, J., & Patterson, P. (2013). The Roles of Habit, Self-Efficacy and Satisfaction in Driving Continued Use of Self-Service Technologies : A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Service Research, 16(3), 400–414. doi:10.1177/1094670512473200.
• Welzer-Ward, L., Baltes, B., Hoffman-Kipp, P., & Lynn, L. (2010). Students' Research Self-Efficacy (RSE) During Online Doctoral Research Courses. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://jamiesmithportfolio.com/EDTE800/wp-content/Self-Efficacy/Baltes.pdf.
• Wainstock, S. (1994). Swimming against the current: Teaching research methodology to reluctant social work student. Journal in Teaching Social Work, 9, 3–16.
• Zimmerman, W. S. (1995). Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing society (pp. 202–231). New York NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Zhao, J., McCormick, J., & Hoekman, K. (2008). Idiocentrism-allocentrism and academics’ self-efficacy for research in Beijing universities. International Journal of Educational Management, 22(2), 168–183. doi:10.1108/09513540810853567.
• Zubaran, C., Foresti, K., Schumacher, M., Thorell, M. R., Amoretti, A., Müller, L., & Dennis, C. L. (2010). The Portuguese version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form. Journal of Human Lactation:Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 26(3), 297–303. doi:10.1177/0890334409359916.
• Yazit, N., & Zainab, A. N. (2007). Publication Productivity of Malaysian Authors and Institutions in LIS. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 12(2), 35–55.