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Üniversite Hazırlık Sınıfı Öğrencilerinin İngilizce Öz-Yeterlik Algılarının İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 86, 39 - 60, 31.03.2020

Abstract

Problem Durumu: Türkiye’de, İngilizce öğretimi alanındaki çabalara rağmen İngilizcenin yeterince akıcı ve doğru bir şekilde kullanılamadığı görülmektedir (Bayraktaroğlu, 2014a; Paker, 2012). Uluslararası eğitim şirketi Education First Index (2018), İngilizce yeterlik açsından Türkiye’yi 88 ülke arasında 73. sırada ve çok düşük yeterliğe sahip ülkeler arasında göstermektedir. Bayraktaroğlu’na (2014b) göre yabancı dille eğitim yapılan üniversitelerde bile amaçlanan ileri düzey dil seviyelerine erişilememektedir. İngilizce öğretiminde duyuşsal özelliklerin, en az bilişsel özellikler kadar önemli ve birbirinin tamamlayıcısı olduğu bilinmektedir (Henter, 2014). Duyuşsal özelliklerden olan öz yeterlik algısının bilişsel süreçler üzerinde (Bandura, 1993) ve yabancı dil öğrenme performansında etkili olduğu ileri sürülmektedir (Açıkel, 2011; Tılfarlıoğlu ve Çiftçi, 2011). Alanyazında, üniversite hazırlık sınıfı İngilizce öğretim programlarının öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını nasıl etkilediğine ya da bu öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını oluşturan kaynaklara ilişkin herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu araştırma, programın yönetiminden sorumlu karar alıcılara, koordinatörlüklere ve özellikle programı tasarımlayan ekibe İngilizce öğretim programlarının öğelerini dil öğreniminde kilit rol oynayan öz yeterlik algısını da dikkate alarak tasarlayabilmelerine imkân tanıyabilecek sonuçlar üretilebilir. Ulaşılan sonuçlar ayrıca, öğretim görevlilerine öğrencilerin öz yeterlik algılarına katkıları açısından yürüttükleri programın güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini gösterebilir ve böylelikle kendi uygulamalarını gözden geçirmelerini sağlayabilir. Hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinde ise kendi öğrenmeleriyle ilgili farkındalık oluşturabilir ve öz yeterlik algılarını artırabilmeleri için neler yapabileceklerine dikkat çekebilir.

Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu araştırma, üniversite düzeyinde İngilizce hazırlık sınıfı program çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek bulgulara ulaşmak için var olan program uygulamalarının öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algı düzeylerini nasıl etkilediğini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın temel sorusu ise: “Bir devlet üniversitesinin hazırlık sınıfı İngilizce öğretim programı, öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algılarını nasıl etkilemektedir?” biçiminde ifade edilmiştir. Araştırmanın temel sorusunu yanıtlamak için 1) Öğrencilerin program uygulamalarının öncesindeki ve program uygulamaları sonundaki İngilizce öz yeterlik algı düzeyi puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir fark var mıdır? ve 2) Hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını etkileyen etmenlere ilişkin görüşleri nelerdir? biçiminde iki alt problem oluşturulmuştur.
Araştırmanın Yöntemi: Kesitsel tarama deseniyle yürütülen araştırmaya bir devlet üniversitesinin İngilizce hazırlık sınıfında öğrenim gören 426 öğrenci katılmıştır. Öğrencilerin %59.1’i (n=252) A1, %30.8’i (n=131) A2 ve %10.1’i (n=43) de B1 düzeyindedir. Öğrencilerin program öncesi ve sonrası İngilizce öz yeterlik algı düzeyleri, Yanar ve Bümen (2012) tarafından geliştirilen ve bu araştırma için uyarlanan bir ölçekle belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını etkileyen etmenlere ilişkin görüşlerinin elde edildiği 13 açık uçlu sorudan oluşan bir anket hazırlanarak hazırlık programı sonunda uygulanmıştır. Veriler, t testi (Paired Samples t-Test), yüzde (%) ve frekans (f) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.


Araştırmanın Bulguları:
Hazırlık sınıfı İngilizce öğretim programı uygulamaları sonunda öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik düzeyleri anlamlı bir şekilde artmıştır. En çok artış, okuma becerisinde gerçekleşmiştir. Öğrencilerin okuma ve dinleme gibi anlamaya yönelik dil becerilerine ilişkin öz yeterlik algısının, yazma ve konuşma gibi üretime yönelik becerilerden daha çok gelişmesi dikkat çekmiştir. Hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını etkileyen önemli etmenlerin, doğrudan deneyimlerle ilişkilendirilen İngilizceyi günlük yaşama dâhil etme ve öğretim programı kapsamında rol ve sorumluluk üstlenme çabası olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. İngilizce öğretim programı kapsamında özellikle üretime dayalı uygulamalı etkinlikler, öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlilik algısını güçlendirmiştir. Bu etkinliklerin; daha çok konuşma ve yazma becerisiyle ilgili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Model alma açısından öğrenciler, öğretmenlerinin olumlu etkilerini belirtmişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin çaba göstermeleri, azimli ve ilgili olmaları yanında dil becerilerini etkin kullanmaları öğrenciler tarafından olumlu görülmüştür. Sözel ikna açısından da öğretmenlerin önemli etkileri ortaya çıkmıştır. Öğrenciler tarafından öğretmenlerinin teşvik edici söylemleri önemsenmiş; sınav ve not odaklı konuşmaları, hataları düzeltme ve geribildirim verme yöntemleri eleştirilmiştir. Öz yeterliğin kaynaklarından fizyolojik ve duygusal durum açısından öğrenciler, daha çok konuşma becerisinin kullanılmasını gerektiren durumlarda kendilerini kaygılı ve stresli hissettiklerini; hata yapma, kendini ve düşüncelerini ifade edememe ve alay edilme korkusu yaşadıklarını belirtmişlerdir.


Araştırmanın Sonuçları ve Önerileri:
Hazırlık sınıfı İngilizce öğretim programı uygulamaları öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik düzeylerini yükseltmiştir. Her ne kadar alanyazında hazırlık sınıfı programlarına dair bu araştırmanın kurgusuna benzer bir çalışma olmasa da belli bir davranışa yönelik alınan eğitimin öz yeterlik algısını olumlu yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir (Ballo-allo, 2010; Rahayu ve Jacabson, 2012). Öğrencilerin okuma ve dinleme becerilerindeki öz yeterlik algı düzeyleri daha yüksektir. Ayrıca öğrenci görüşleri, İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını destekleyen en etkili kaynağın doğrudan deneyimler olduğunu doğrulamıştır (Bandura, 1997; Zimmerman, 2000; Usher ve Pajares, 2008). Model alınan kişiler olarak öğretmenlerin, öğrencilerin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını etkilediği ortaya çıkmış; bu sonuç, onların bazı davranış ve özelliklerinin model alınmasının, modelin gözlemlenen davranıştaki yetkinliğinden kaynaklandığını belirten çalışmaların (Ahn, Bong ve Kim, 2017; Ahn, Usher, Butz ve Bong, 2016) sonuçlarıyla paralellik göstermiştir. Ayrıca danışmanlarından, öğretmenlerinden, akranlarından ya da sınıf arkadaşlarından gelen olumlu sözel ikna ve geribildirimlerin, öğrencileri daha fazla İngilizce konuşmaya teşvik ettiği (Rahayu ve Jacabson, 2012; Zuo ve Wang 2014) yönündeki araştırma bulgularında olduğu gibi, bu araştırmada da öğrenciler, öğretmenlerinin teşvik edici söylemlerinin İngilizce öz yeterlik algısını olumlu etkilediğini belirtmişlerdir. Fizyolojik ve duygusal durum açısından öğrencilerin Zuo ve Wang (2014) ve Horwitz, Horwitz ve Cope’un (1986) çalışmalarında da işaret edildiği gibi daha çok konuşma gerektiren durumlarda olumsuz duygu durumunda oldukları ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda; İngilizce öğretim programları tasarlanırken doğrudan deneyim oluşturmak için öğrencilerin dili üreterek kullanmasına imkân verecek etkinliklere daha fazla yer verilebileceği; öz yeterlik algısını göz önünde bulunduran etkinlikler düzenleme ve uygulama, geribildirim verme, öğrenme eksikliklerini ve hatalarını düzeltme, öğrencilerle iletişim ve etkileşim, yabancı dil öğretimiyle teknolojiyi bütünleştirme gibi konularda öğretmenlere yönelik uygulamalı mesleki gelişim programlarının düzenlenebileceği; öğretmenlerin, öğrencilerin gösterdikleri gelişime dikkat çeken değerlendirmelerde bulunabileceği ve İngilizceyi güvenli bir ortamda uygulamalarını sağlayacak düzenlemelere gidebilecekleri ve sınıf içi etkinliklerde öz yeterlik algısı yüksek ve düşük öğrencilerin eşleştirilebileceği ve böylelikle birbirlerinden model alarak öğrenme ve birbirlerini güdüleme fırsatlarının sağlanabileceği önerilmiştir.

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Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 86, 39 - 60, 31.03.2020

Abstract

Purpose: Students in Turkey have difficulty reaching fluency in English. Affective factors in teaching English are as important as cognitive factors. Perceived self-efficacy, an affective factor, is known to influence learning a second language. This study explores the effects of a university preparatory school’s English curriculum on its students’ self-efficacy beliefs to understand if the design, application and evaluation of the curriculum could be better suited to English language learners.


Research Method:
426 students participated in the research, conducted with the cross-sectional survey design. An adapted psychometric scale was used to measure students’ levels of English self-efficacy beliefs. In addition, an open-ended questionnaire was distributed to the participants to better understand their views on the sources of self-efficacy. The data were analyzed using paired samples t-test, percentages and frequency distributions.

Findings: Findings revealed that preparatory class practices increased students’ self-efficacy beliefs in all sub-dimensions. The fear of making mistakes, losing face, and not being able to express their opinions negatively affected students’ self-efficacy beliefs. Applying the language in productive activities, showing effort to use English in daily life and taking responsibility within the context of the English curriculum, modelling after positive behavior of the teachers and friends, and encouraging expressions by the teachers positively affected students’ self-efficacy beliefs.

Implications for Research and Practice: To develop professional teacher training programs that apply more effective activities and provide better feedback and correction, it is imperative to establish better communication with the students and understand how to integrate technology in the language lessons.

References

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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cansu Cıtıl This is me

Bunyamin Yurdakul This is me

Publication Date March 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 86

Cite

APA Cıtıl, C., & Yurdakul, B. (2020). Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(86), 39-60.
AMA Cıtıl C, Yurdakul B. Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. March 2020;20(86):39-60.
Chicago Cıtıl, Cansu, and Bunyamin Yurdakul. “Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20, no. 86 (March 2020): 39-60.
EndNote Cıtıl C, Yurdakul B (March 1, 2020) Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20 86 39–60.
IEEE C. Cıtıl and B. Yurdakul, “Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 20, no. 86, pp. 39–60, 2020.
ISNAD Cıtıl, Cansu - Yurdakul, Bunyamin. “Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20/86 (March 2020), 39-60.
JAMA Cıtıl C, Yurdakul B. Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20:39–60.
MLA Cıtıl, Cansu and Bunyamin Yurdakul. “Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 20, no. 86, 2020, pp. 39-60.
Vancouver Cıtıl C, Yurdakul B. Examining English Self-Efficacy Beliefs of University Preparatory Class Students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20(86):39-60.