Functional foods: An effective tool in the management of xenobiotic-induced human health challenges

Year 2026, Volume: 5 Issue: 1 , 1 - 14 , 01.05.2026

Peace O. Oleghe Chioma B. Ehis-Eriakha Emmanuel J. Oboh

https://doi.org/10.55971/EJLS.1769180

https://izlik.org/JA75EA99DJ

Abstract

Global industrialization generates a variety of dangerous substances known as xenobiotics, which include both naturally occurring poisons and manmade contaminants. These toxins often exist in concentrations surpassing normal physiological levels, leading to high-level toxicities among living organisms. Their pervasive presence underscores the urgent need for effective strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on human health. Functional foods are macronutrient-rich, readily available, and microbially processed, significantly supplemented with essential biofunctional dietary nutrients. These nutrients are crucial for gastronomic delectation and survival and offer substantial health benefits in preventing and managing chronic ailments. This review manuscript seeks to spotlight the biofunctional nutrient potentials inherent in functional foods obtained from botanicals, using these in combating xenobiotic noxiousness, while also elucidating their underlying mechanisms to optimize bioavailability and delivery systems for improving human health.

Keywords

biofunctional foods , effective management , food fermentation , functional foods , xenobiotic health challenges

References

• Butnariu M, Sarac I. Functional food. Int J Nutr. (2019); 3(3): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-2615
• Chen G, Li Y, Li X, Zhou D, Wang Y, Wen X, et al. Functional foods and intestinal homeostasis: the perspective of in-vivo evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol. (2021); 111: 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.075
• Galanakis CM. The food systems in the era of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. Foods. (2020); 9(4): 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040523
• Oleghe PO, Akharaiyi FC, Ehis-Eriakha CB. Compositions, nutrients and antinutrients of biscuits prepared from fermented and unfermented ternary mixture flours. J Food Qual Hazards Control. (2024); 11: 13–25. https://doi.org/10.18502/jfqhc.11.1.14992
• Nakai Y, Nin K, Noma S, Hamagaki S, Takagi R, Wonderlich SA. Clinical presentation and outcome of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a Japanese sample. Eat Behav. (2017); 24: 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.004
• Galanakis CM. Functionality of food components and emerging technologies. Foods. (2021); 10(1): 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010128
• Oleghe PO, Akharaiyi FC, Ehis-Eriakha CB. Harnessing indigenous agro-processed flour blends as composite bioresources in functional food development. Food Res. (2024); 8(1): 235–249. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(1).248
• Hasmadi M, Noorfarahzilah M, Noraidah H, Zainol MK, Jahurul MHA. Functional properties of composite flour: a review. Food Res. (2020); 4(6): 1820–1831. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).419
• Chiba T, Sato Y, Kobayashi E, Umegaki K. Status of foods with function claims: an internet survey among consumers, physicians and pharmacists one year later. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn. (2017); 58(2): 96–106.
• Rahimian Y, Akbari SM, Karami M, Fafghani N. Effect of different levels of fenugreek powder supplementation on performance, influenza, sheep red blood cells, Newcastle disease antibody titer and intestinal microbial flora in Cobb 500 broiler chicks. Banat J Biotechnol. (2018); 9(18): 29–37.
• Galanakis CM, Aldawoud TMS, Rizou M, Rowan N, Ibrahim S. Food ingredients and active compounds against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: a comprehensive review. Foods. (2020); 9(11): 1701. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111701
• Li C, Li S, Dang G, Jia R, Chen S, Deng X, et al. Screening and characterization of Bacillus velezensis LB-Y-1 toward selection as a potential probiotic for poultry with multi-enzyme production property. Front Microbiol. (2023); 14: 1143265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143265
• Rather IA, Koh WY, Paek WK, Lim J. Sources of chemical contaminants in food and their health implications. Front Pharmacol. (2017); 8: 830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00830
• Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S. Food safety in the 21st century. Biomed J. (2018); 41: 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003
• Srinivasan R, Vansudeva MS, Raghuram RA. Xenobiotics in health and disease: the two sides of a coin—a clinician’s perspective. Open Access J Toxicol. (2020); 4(4): 555641. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2020.04.555641
• Abdelsalam NA, Ramadan AT, ElRakaiby MT, Aziz RK. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome vs. pharmaceutical, dietary and environmental xenobiotics. Front Pharmacol. (2020); 11: 390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00390
• Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. Host–microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. J Clin Invest. (2014); 124: 4173–4181. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72335
• Hessel EV, Heiss E. Xenobiotic metabolism: a look into the future. Curr Opin Toxicol. (2016); 2: 31–35.
• Arora PK. Bacilli-mediated degradation of xenobiotic compounds and heavy metals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. (2020); 8: 570307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.570307
• Štefanac T, Grgas D, Landeka-Dragičević T. Xenobiotics—division and methods of detection: a review. J Xenobiotics. (2021); 11: 130–141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11040009
• Soucek P. Xenobiotics. In: Schwab M, editor. Encyclopedia of Cancer. Heidelberg Berlin, Germany: Springer. (2011); pp. 3964–3967. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6276
• Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, Baldé AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O’Reilly S, Boufford JI, Breysse PN, Chiles T, Mahidol C, Coll-Seck AM, Cropper ML, Fobil J, Fuster V, Greenstone M, Haines A, Hanrahan D, Hunter D, Khare M, Krupnick A, Lanphear B, Lohani B, Martin K, Mathiasen KV, McTeer MA, Murray C, Ndahimananjara JD, Perera F, Potočnik J, Preker AS, Ramesh J, Rockström J, Salinas C, Samson LD, Sandilya K, Sly PD, Smith KR, Steiner A, Stewart RB, Suk WA, van Schayck OCP, Yadama GN, Yumkella K, Zhong M. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet. (2018); 391(10119): 462–512.
• United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). The new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. (2023). https://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx
• World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality 4th ed., incorporating the 1st addendum. (2017). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). National primary drinking water regulations. (2024). https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations
• Atashgahi S, Shetty SA, Smidt H, De Vos WM. Flux, impact, and fate of halogenated xenobiotic compounds in the gut. Front Physiol. (2018); 9: 888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00888
• Punia A, Singh RP, Chauhan NS. Impact of xenobiotics under changing climate scenario. In: Singh R, Singh P, Tripathi S, Chandra KK, Bhadouria R, editors. Xenobiotics in urban ecosystems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. (2023); pp. 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35775-6_1
• Mishra N, Ayoko GA, Morawska L. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban environment: occurrence, toxicity and source apportionment. Environ Pollut. (2016); 208(A): 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.015
• Kucherenko SV, Ovcharenko MA, Pushenko SL. Xenobiotics: a threat to the health of living organisms. E3S Web Conf. (2021); 285: 03006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128503006
• Jiang Y. Analysis of the toxicity and treatment methods of cyanide. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health. Theor Nat Sci. (2023); 27(1): 235–240. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/27/20240741
• Agboola OO, Emmanuel AO, Sabina CE, Anejo-Okopi J, Naomi AI, Ene UI, et al. Occurrence of carcinogens and their potential effects on human health—a review. UMYU Scientifica. (2024); 3(1): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.56919/usci.2431.015
• Özdemir Z, Abdullah-Alagöz M. Anticholinesterases. In: Al-Zwaini IJ, AL-Mayahi A, editors. Selected Topics in Myasthenia Gravis. IntechOpen. (2019); pp. 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81994
• Roychoudhury S, Jha NK, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK. Mutagenic factors in the environment impacting human and animal health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 61967–61971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22247-x
• Goyal K, Goel H, Baranwal P, Dixit A, Khan F, Jha NK, et al. Unravelling the molecular mechanism of mutagenic factors impacting human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 61993–62013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15442-9
• Fuat NO. Xenobiotics and chronic disease. Open Access J Toxicol. (2017); 1(4): 555570. https://doi.org/10.19080/OAJT.2017.01.555570
• Mohammadi K, Sani MA, Safaei P, Rahmani J, Molaee-Aghaee E, Jafari SM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of glyphosate on the reproductive hormones. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2022); 29: 62030–62041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16145-x
• Silverman DT. Diesel exhaust causes lung cancer: now what? Occup Environ Med. (2017); 74(4): 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104197
• Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Pándics T, Parent ME, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Diesel engine exhaust exposure, smoking, and lung cancer subtype risks: a pooled exposure–response analysis of 14 case–control studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. (2020); 202: 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201911-2101OC
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). Report on carcinogens, diesel exhaust particulates. 15th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. (2021). https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-OTHER-1003
• Li S, Huff RD, Rider CF, Yuen ACY, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposures to diesel exhaust or particle-depleted diesel exhaust with allergen modulates transcriptomic responses in the lung. Sci Total Environ. (2024); 945: 173688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173688
• Jeon GW. Bisphenol A leaching from polycarbonate baby bottles into baby food causes potential health issues. Clin Exp Pediatr. (2022); 65(9): 450–452. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00661
• Karsauliya K, Bhateria M, Sonker A, Singh SP. Determination of bisphenol analogues in infant formula products from India and evaluating the health risk in infants associated with their exposure. J Agric Food Chem. (2021); 69(13): 3932–3941.
• Koppel N, Maini-Rekdal VM, Balskus EP. Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science. (2017); 356(6344): 1246–1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2770
• El-Demerdash FM, Tousson EM, Kurzepa J, Habib SL. Xenobiotic, oxidative stress and antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. (2018); 9758951. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9758951
• Ferguson LR, De Caterina R, Görman U, Allayee H, Kohlmeier M, Prasad C, et al. Guide and position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on personalized nutrition: Part 1—Fields of precision nutrition. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. (2016); 12(1): 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445350
• Carlos-Reyes Á, López-González JS, Meneses-Flores M, Gallardo-Rincón D, Ruíz-García E, Marchat LA, et al. Dietary compounds as epigenetic modulating agents in cancer. Front Genet. (2019); 10: 79. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00079
• Olson JM, Ameer MA, Goyal A. Vitamin A toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532916/
• Asif A, Farooq N. Vitamin D toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/
• Porter JL, Rawla P. Hemochromatosis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430862/
• Dinka DD. Environmental xenobiotics and their adverse health impacts—A general review. J Environ Pollut Hum Health. (2018); 6(3): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-6-3-1
• Andjelkovic M, Buha Djordjevic A, Antonijevic E, et al. Toxic effect of acute cadmium and lead exposure in rat blood, liver, and kidney. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2019); 16(2): 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020274
• Ghosh A, Tripathy A, Ghosh D. Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproductive health of humans. Proc Zool Soc. (2022); 75: 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-021-00412-3
• Papp A, Tünde V, Szabó A, Nagymajtényi L. Effects of environmental xenobiotics on the nervous systems of animal experiments. Cereal Res Commun. (2007); 35(2): 893–896. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.35.2007.2.182
• Durán R, Faro LR. Toxic effects of glyphosate on the nervous system: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. (2021); 23(9): 4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094605
• Arroyo MC, Barrera TG, Leblic BC, Borrego AA, Collado MC. A review of the impact of xenobiotics from dietary sources on infant health: Early life exposures and the role of the microbiota. Environ Pollut. (2021); 269: 115994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115994
• Treviño MJS, Pereira-Coelho M, López AGR, Zarazúa S, Madureira LAD-S, Majchrzak T, et al. How pesticides affect neonates?—Exposure, health implications, and determination of metabolites. Sci Total Environ. (2023); 856: 158859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158859
• Pollard KM, Cauvi DM, Kono DH. Environmental xenobiotics exposure and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Toxicol. (2017); 10: 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.009
• Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: a proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol. (2022); 13: 928379. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.928379
• Alexander DE. Bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification. In: Environmental Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. (1999); pp. 43–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_31
• Bienfang PK, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Laws EA. Bioaccumulation/biomagnification in food chains. In: Meyers RA, editor. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. New York, USA: Springer. (2012); pp. 822–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_50
• Parkinson A, Ogilvie BW, Buckley DB, Kazmi F, Czerwinski M, Parkinson O. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Klaassen CD, editor. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. (2013); pp. 185–367
• Arai S, Vattem DA, Kumagai H. Functional foods—History and concepts. In: Vattem DA, Maitin V, editors. Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Natural Products: Concepts and Applications. Lancaster, PA, USA: DEStech Publications, Inc. (2016); pp. 1–18
• Mitra M, Mitra S, Nandi DK. Vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals in neuroprotection: An overview. In: Bagchi D, Chaurasia RN, Ohia SE, editors. A Review on Diverse Neurological Disorders. Washington DC, USA: Academic Press. (2024); pp. 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95735-9.00007-3
• Arshad MS, Khalid W, Ahmad RS, Khan MK, Ahma MH, Safdar S, et al. Functional foods and human health: An overview. IntechOpen Series on Functional Foods—Phytochemicals and Health Promoting Potential. (2021); pp. 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99000
• Hasler CM, Brown AC. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Functional foods. J Am Diet Assoc. (2009); 109(4): 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.023
• Rai M, Paudel N, Sakhrie M, Gemmati D, Khan IA, Tisato V, et al. Perspective on quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (QSTR) models to predict hepatic biotransformation of xenobiotics. Livers. (2023); 3: 448–462. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers3030032
• Dmitriev A, Rudik A, Filimonov D, Lagunin A, Pogodin P, Dubovskaja V, et al. Integral estimation of xenobiotics’ toxicity with regard to their metabolism in the human organism. Pure Appl Chem. (2017); 89(10): 1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1205
• Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Sci Total Environ. (2017); 575: 525–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
• Dinçay AA. Risks and benefits of functional foods: An overview. Bull Biotechnol. (2020); 1(2): 56–64
• Shah AM, Tarfeen N, Mohamed H, Song Y. Fermented foods: Their health-promoting components and potential effects on gut microbiota. Fermentation. (2023); 9: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020118
• Millicent J. Development of functional foods with enhanced benefits. J Food Sci. (2024); 5(2): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jfs.1846
• Eze OF, Ani JC. Dietary fibre potentials of some selected flours and their effect on blood glucose and serum cholesterol reduction. Eur J Food Sci Technol. (2014); 2(2): 1–12
• Awuni V, Alhassan MW, Amagloh FK. Orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) composite bread as a significant source of dietary vitamin A. Food Sci Nutr. (2018); 6(1): 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.543
• Awuchi CG, Igwe VS, Echeta CK. The functional properties of foods and flours. Int J Adv Acad Res Sci Technol Eng. (2019); 5(11): 139–160. ISSN: 2488-9849
• Şanlier N, Gökcen BB, Sezgin AC. Health benefits of fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2019); 59(3): 506–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1383355
• Ashaolu TJ. Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics. Biomed Pharmacother. (2020); 130: 110625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110625
• Alwi MK, Julyani S, Yusriana NB, Sulfiana S, Bahar B. Effect of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) consumption to decrease blood pressure on elderly hypertension in the region of Barana Health Center of Jeneponto. Int J Medicotegal. (2021); 21(2): 826–832
• Yang Q, Yao H, Liu S, Mao J. Interaction and application of moulds and yeasts in Chinese fermented foods. Front Microbiol. (2022); 12: 664850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.664850
• Shah AM, Tarfeen N, Mohamed H, Song Y. Fermented foods: Their health-promoting components and potential effects on gut microbiota. Fermentation. (2023); 9: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020118
• Keservani RK, Ahire ED, editors. Applications of functional foods in disease prevention. 1st ed. New York, USA: Apple Academic Press. (2024); pp. 1–364. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003395737
• Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Jackson-Michel S, Fairchild T. An investigation into the effects of a curcumin extract (Curcugen®) on osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. (2021); 14(1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010041
• Liao J, Xiong Q, Yin Y, Ling Z, Chen S. The effects of fish oil on cardiovascular diseases: systematical evaluation and recent advances. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. (2022); 8:802306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.802306
• Essa MM, Bashir M, Bhat A, Chidambaram SB, Al-Balushi B, Hamdan H, et al. Functional foods and their impact on health. Journal of Food Science and Technology. (2023); 60(3):820-834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05193-3
• Jurek JM. Health benefits of functional foods. Journal of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences. (2022); 3(11):1307-1316. https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1598
• Khalid N, Aslam R, Rehman A, Latif W. A review on detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver: insights into mechanisms, regulation, and implications. Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering. (2019); 6(4):10-19.
• Panossian A. Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. (2017); 1401:49-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13399
• Średnicka P, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Wójcicki M, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ. Probiotics as a biological detoxification tool of food chemical contamination: a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. (2021); 153:112306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112306
• Díaz LD, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara M. The frontier between nutrition and pharma: the international regulatory framework of functional foods, food supplements, and nutraceuticals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. (2020); 60(10):1738-1746. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1592107
• Sirohi M, Singh S. Role of functional foods in human health: an overview. Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences. (2024); 3(12):237-251. https://doi.org/10.58532/V3BCAG12P2CH8
• Malviya S. Biopharmaceutics: drug absorption and bioavailability. The Pharma Innovation Journal. (2019); 8(1):809-812. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2019.v8.i1m.25484
• Otchere E, McKay BM, English MM, Aryee ANA. Current trends in nano-delivery systems for functional foods: a systematic review. PeerJ. (2023); 11:e14980. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14980
• Dylan J. Understanding bioavailability: maximizing the potential of medications and nutrients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Clinical Practice. (2023); 6(3):58-61. https://doi.org/10.37532/jprcp.2023.6(3).58-61
• Sim DSM. Drug absorption and bioavailability. In: Chan Y, Ng K, Sim D, editors. Pharmacological Basis of Acute Care. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. (2015); 45-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10386-0_3
• Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The bioavailability of drugs - the current state of knowledge. Molecules. (2023); 28(24):8038. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248038
• Niu L, Li Z, Fan W, Zhong X, Peng M, Liu Z. Nano-strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of tea polyphenols: preparation, applications, and challenges. Foods. (2022); 11(3):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030387
• Pinal R. Enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Pharmaceutics. (2024); 16(6):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060758
• Thorat SS, Gujar KN, Karale CK. Bioenhancers from mother nature: an overview. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (2023); 9(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-023-00470-8
• Guo Y, Feng S, Li Z, Jiang M, Xiao Z, Chen L, et al. Effect of cationic modified microcrystalline cellulose on the emulsifying properties and water/oil interface behaviour of soybean protein isolate. Foods. (2022); 11(19):3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193100
• Wang T, Zhang L, Chen L, Li X. Preparation of oxidized starch/β-lactoglobulin complex particles using microfluidic chip for the stabilization of astaxanthin emulsion. Foods. (2022); 11(19):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193078
• Bennacef C, Desobry S, Probst L, Desobry-Banon S. Alginate-based core-shell capsules production through coextrusion methods: recent applications. Foods. (2023); 12(9):1788. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091788