Etiological Investigation of Paralysis and Mortality in Free-Ranging Chicken, Turkey and Duck Chicks

Abstract

In this study, the etiology of paralysis, nervous system disorders and deaths in chicken, duck and turkey chicks in a free-range poultry family enterprise was investigated. In the history of the disease, it has been reported that the neurological signs seen in the animals started on the 11th to 12th days after the chicks came to the farm, and deaths occurred on the 2nd to 3rd days. In order to determine the causes of death and for the etiological examination, 6 chickens, 12 ducks and 21 turkeys, which were paralyzed and near death situation, and feed samples were sent to our institution for investigation. Necropsies were performed on a total of 6 animals, one from each paralyzed and one dead animal from each animal group, and samples were taken from the feeds used. According to clinical symptoms and necropsy findings, poisoning, malnutrition and New Castle (ND) disease were suspected. Sampled kidney, liver, intestine, brain, lung and heart tissues were examined histopathologically and virologically, by RT-PCR. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer were used for feed analyzes. The amounts of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) were investigated in the feed samples. Conclusion; Viral RNA of New Castle disease virus (NDV) Avian Paramyxovirus Type-1 could not be detected by RT-PCR. In the histopathological examination, no traces of disease due to infectious agents were found and it was determined that there was destruction and degeneration in the muscle and nerve tissue and necrosis in the brain tissue. In the results of atomic absorption spectrophotometer, it has been determined that the amount of selenium is far below the required value, and the metal amounts that can cause accumulation poisoning by passing through food to humans and animals are at acceptable values. According to all the findings, it was concluded that the disease possibly related to the nutrition due to insufficiency of Se and vitamin E. It was decided to add selenium and vitamin E to the diets of animals and prescripted. From the 3rd day of the diet change, the sick animals started to heal and from the 7th day full recovery was observed.

Keywords

• Chick
• Etiology
• Paralyse
• Death
• Fee-Range
• Selenium.

Serbest Dolaşan Tavuk, Hindi ve Ördek Civcivlerinde Görülen Felç ve Ölümlerin Etiyolojik Araştırması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bir serbest dolaşan kanatlı hayvan aile işletmesinde bulunan tavuk, ördek ve hindi civcivlerinde arasında felç, sinir sistemi bozuklukları ve ölümlerin etiyolojisi araştırılmıştır. Hastalık hikayesinde hayvanlarda görülen sinirsel bulguların civcivlerin işletmeye gelişlerinden sonraki 11 ila 12. günleride başladığı, 2 ila 3. günlerde ölümlerin görüldüğü bildirilmiştir. Ölüm nedenlerinin saptanabilmesi ve etiyolojik inceleme için felçli ve ölüme yakın halde olan 6 tavuk, 12 ördek ve 21 hindi yavrusu ile yem örnekleri incelenmek üzere kurumumuza gönderilmiştir. Her hayvan grubundan felçli ve ölen hayvanlardan 1’er adet olmak üzere toplam 6 hayvana nekropsi yapılmış ve kullanılan yemlerden örnekler alınmıştır. Klinik semptomlar ve nekropsi bulgularına göre, zehirlenme, beslenme bozukluğu ve New Castle (ND) hastalığından şüphe edilmiştir. Örnekleme yapılan böbrek, karaciğer, bağırsak, beyin, akciğer ve kalp dokuları histopatolojik ve RT-PCR ile virolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Yem analizleri atomik absorpsiyon spektrofotometresi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Yem örneklerinde, Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Demir (Fe), Kurşun (Pb), Kadmiyum (Cd), Mangan (Mn) ve Selenyum (Se) miktarları araştırılmıştır. Sonuç; RT-PCR ile New Castle hastalığı virüsü (NDV) Avian Paramyxovirus Tip-1’e ait viral RNA saptanamamıştır. Histopatolojik incelemede enfeksiyöz etkenlere bağlı bir hastalık izine rastlanılmamıştır ve kas ve sinir dokusunda harabiyet ile beyin dokusunda erime nekrozu saptanmıştır. Atomik absorpsiyon spektrofotometresi sonuçlarında selenyum miktarının olması gereken değerlerden çok düşük olduğu, ayrıca insan ve hayvanlara gıda yoluyla geçerek birikim zehirlenmesi yapabilen metal miktarlarının ise kabul edilebilir değerlerde oldukları saptanmıştır. Elde edilen tüm bulgulara göre Se ve E vitamini yetersizliğine bağlı yetersiz beslenme ile ilişkili bir sorun olabileceği kanısına varılmıştır. Hayvanların diyetlerine Selenyum ve E vitamini eklenmesine karar verilmiş ve reçete edilerek kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Diyet değişikliğinin 3. gününden itibaren hasta hayvanlarda iyileşme başlamış ve 7. Günden itibaren tam iyileşme gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• civciv
• etiyolji
• felç
• ölüm
• serbest dolaşan
• selenyum

References

1. FAO (2021)a. Meat market review. http://www.fao.org/3/cb 3700en/cb3700en.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021
2. FAO (2021)b. Poultry production. http://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/production. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021
3. Turkish White Meat Production (Türkiye Beyaz Et Sektörü). https://www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/d24d7c78bb96fc2_ek.pdf Accessed 10.07.2021. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021
4. Poultry Sector in Turkey (Türkiye’de kanatlı sektörü). http://www.turktarim.gov.tr/Haber/401/turkiyede-kanatli-sektoru-her-yil-yuzde-8-buyuyor. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021
5. Turkish Statistical Agency Report on Poultry (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Raporu). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/ Search?text=tavuk. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021 Sogut, M., & Tekelioglu, B.K. (2021). Avian Herpesviruses And Their Potential Impacts On Poultry Health. XII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium“AGROSYM 2021”, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1189-1195.
6. Turan, N., Ozsemir, C., Yilmaz, A., Çizmecigil, U.Y., Bamac, O.E., Gurel, A., Kutukcu, A., Ozsemir, K., Tali, E.H., Yilmaz, S.G., Yaramanoglu, M., Tekelioglu, B.K., Ozsoy, S., Richt, J.A., Iqbal, M., & Yilmaz, H. (2020). Identification of Newcastle disease virus subgenotype VII.2 in wild birds in Turkey. BMC Vet Res, 16, 277. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12917-020-02503-3
7. Newcastle Disease. OIE 2021. https://www.oie.int/en/disease/ newcastle-disease/. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021
8. Murphy, A.F., Gibbs, E.P.J., Horzinek, M.C., & Studdert, M.J. (1999). Veterinary Virology, Third Edition. Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto, Elsevier.

9. Alexander, D. J., Aldous, E.W. & Fuller, C.H. (2012) The long view: a selective review of 40 years of Newcastle disease research, Avian Pathology, 41:4, 329-335, DOI: 10.1080/ 03 079457.2012.697991
10. Dzogbema, K. F-X., Talaki, E., Batawui, B.K., & Dao, B.B. (2021). Review on Newcastle disease in poultry. AJOL, 15:2, 773-790, DOI: 10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.29 ICTV (2020). Virus Taxonomy 2020 Release. releasehttps: //talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/negative -sense-rna-viruses/w/paramyxoviridae/1193/genus-orthoavulavirus
11. Ferreira, H.L., Taylor, T.L., Dimitrov, K.M., Sabra, M., Afonso, C.L., & Suarez, D.L. (2019) Virulent Newcastle disease viruses from chicken origin are more pathogenic and transmissible to chickens than viruses normally maintained in wild birds. Vet Microbiol.;235:25–34
12. Senthilkumar, T.S.S., Muralidharan, K.D.J., Sasikumar, P., & Muthusamy, N. (2016). Metal Toxicosis In Poultry – A Review. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5(2), 515 – 524.
13. Jadhav, S.H., Sarkar, S.N., Patil, R.D., & Tripathi, H.C. (2007). Effects of subchronic exposure via drinking water to a mixture of eight water contaminating metals: a biochemical and histopathological study in male rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 53: 667-677.
14. Henry, P. R., & R. D. Miles. (2001). ‘Heavy metals – vanadium in poultry’ Ciência animal brasileira 2(1): 11-26.
15. Khan, M.S.H., Mostofa, M., Jahan, M.S., Sayed, M.A., & Hossain, M.A. (2008). Effect of garlic and vitamin-B complex in lead acetate induced toxicities in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 6(2): 203-210.
16. Idrissa, S., Pitala, W., Gnandi, K., & Oke, E. (2020). Physicochemical Quality and Heavy Metals Contamination of Drinking Water Used in Poultry Farms at Maritime Region of Togo. American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics, 6, 43. DOI:10.11648/j.ajbes.2020 0603.12.
17. Rengaraj, D., & Hong, Y. H. (2015). Effects of dietary vitamin E on fertility functions in poultry species. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(5), 9910–9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms 16059910
18. Young, V.R., Nahapetian, A., Janghorbani, M. (1982). Selenium bioavailability with reference to human-nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 35, 1076–1088.
19. Hansen, J.C., Deguchi, Y. (1996) Selenium and fertility in animals and man—A review. Acta Vet. Scand, 37, 19–30.
20. Shamshad, J., Najeeb, J., Naeem, M.A., & Nawaz, C., M. (2017). Simultaneous Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Quantization Survey of Toxic Metals in Poultry Feed and Their Translocation in Various Tissues of Chicken in Lahore Region of Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(4), 791-798.
21. Dahri, S.N., Pathan, A., Balouch, A., & Mallah, S. (2020). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Poultry Feed of Hyderabad, Sindh. 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development in Civil Engineering, MUET, Pakistan,284-289.
22. Wise, M. G., Suarez, D. L., Seal, B. S., Pedersen, J. C., Senne, D. A., King, D. J., Kapczynski, D. R., & Spackman, E. (2004). Development of a real-time reverse-transcription PCR for detection of newcastle disease virus RNA in clinical samples. Journal of clinical microbiology, 42(1), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.1.329-338.2004
23. Abdul- Aziz, T., (2019). Avian Encephalomyelitis. MSD Veterinary Manuel. https://east.msdvetmanual.com/poultry/ avian-encephalomyelitis/avian-encephalomyelitis. Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2021.
24. Aksoy, E. (1992). Kanatlılarda Marek Hastalıgı Ve Bursal Lezyonlar. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 7(3), 1-12.
25. Calnek, B.W., & Witter, R.L. (1991). Marek's disease. Ninth Edition, Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press.
26. Kahn, C.M. (2005). The Merck Veterinary Manual. Nineth Edition, Merck, Merial Publications.
27. National Research Council (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.https://doi.org/10.17226/2114.
28. Tayeb, I.T., Qader, G.K. (2012) Effect of Feed Supplementation of Selenium and Vitamin E on Production Performance and Some Hematological Parameters of Broiler. KSÜ Doğa Bil. Derg., 15(3), 46-56.
29. Yang, Z., Liu, C., Liu, C., Teng, X., Li, S. (2016). Selenium Deficiency Mainly Influences Antioxidant Selenoproteins Expression in Broiler Immune Organs. Biol Trace Elem Res., 172(1), 209-221. doi: 10.1007/s12011-015-0578-y. Epub 2015 Dec 3. PMID: 26631053.
30. Fischer, J., Bosse, A., Most, Erika., Müller, Andreas., Pallauf, J. (2008). Selenium requirement of growing male turkeys. British poultry science, 49. 583-91. 10.1080/00071660802 337258.
31. Scott, M. (1970). Feedstuffs, Yearbook, No. 42. 59-60
32. Konanç, K., Öztürk, E. (2012). Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Mineraller.